LNG: TESLARATI

SpaceX successfully launched another batch of Starlink satellites into space on March 18, the fourth such launch this year. That brings the total number of internet-beaming satellites to 362, which includes two experimental ones. But ever since the initial batch got off the ground, astronomers and skywatchers have voiced concerns over the apparent brightness of the satellites.

That’s because the satellites appear in the night sky as a train of bright white dots marching across the sky. The sight is alarming to scientists who depend on clear skies in order to peer deep into space. Their concern is this: if the satellites are already interfering with telescope observations, what’s going to happen when there are 42,000 in orbit?

Initially, SpaceX has said its Starlink network will consist of 1,584 satellites, all operating in low Earth orbit. But the company has approval from the Federal Communications Commission for 12,000 satellites and could seek permission to launch 30,000 more. And they’re not the only company with space internet ambitions; OneWeb and Amazon have similar constellations planned.

To help assuage their concerns, SpaceX decided to test out an experimental coating that would reduce the brightness of its satellites. SpaceX tested it out on a previous launch, on one individual satellite, aptly named “DarkSat”.

During the live broadcast of the most recent Starlink mission, SpaceX representatives said that the experiment was somewhat successful and that the coating did help to reduce the satellite’s brightness. But SpaceX wanted to try other means to see which technique was the more effective.

“Preliminary results show a notable reduction,” said Jessica Anderson, one of the hosts of the webcast. But just how effective it is remains to be seen.

Astronomers in Chile measured the DarkSat’s brightness and compared it to the rest of the Starlink satellites. The findings show that the DarkSat was about 55% dimmer, which is good news for certain telescopes. Other telescopes, like the upcoming Vera Rubin Observatory will need the brightness reduced even further as the sensitive optics would be greatly affected by the satellites zooming across the sky.

Astronomers ran computer simulations that showed that the Starlink satellites would not only show up as pronounced streaks across images, but would saturate the pixels in the detectors, causing other ghost-like artifacts to appear. Observatories like the Vera Rubin would need the satellites to be at least 10-20% darker to mitigate their effects.

During the broadcast, Anderson also explained that the company was looking into other ideas that could reduce the satellites’ reflectivity even further.

One of those other ideas is a sunshade. SpaceX didn’t divulge too many details, other than the fact the technology would be used on a future mission and that it would deploy like a patio umbrella from the satellite. How that compares to the coating on the DarkSat remains to be seen.

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SpaceX continues to build full-scale Starship hardware at a jaw-dropping pace, testing the limits of rocket production to complete the fifth full-scale prototype in three months and prepare the ship for its first Raptor engine ignition tests.

This time around, SpaceX CEO Elon Musk is fairly confident that the latest Starship prototype – known as serial number 3 (SN3) – has the best chance yet of becoming the first full-scale ship to pass acceptance tests and kick off a Raptor engine static fire campaign. A step further, if said static fires go according to plan, Starship SN3 could become the first full-scale vehicle of its kind to perform controlled flight tests.

Starship SN3 will thus attempt to follow in the footsteps of Starhopper and hopefully avoid an unintentional launch debut similar to the one that destroyed Starship SN1 earlier this month. A successful Starship flight test powered by three Raptor engines would be a major bode of confidence in the upgraded rocket factory SpaceX is building in South Texas. Musk recently made it clear that setting up the machine that builds the machine is currently just as important as individual Starship tests. Thankfully, given that SpaceX is already managing to build colossal rocket prototypes in a matter of weeks for what has to be pennies on the dollar, all with a team of just a few hundred people, the next Starship test campaign is likely just a week or two away.

On March 9th, Musk revealed that the Starship SN2 prototype – an incomplete tank repurposed for specific testing – had passed a proof test with flying colors. SN2’s brief test campaign managed to prove that SpaceX had already fixed the weak point believed to have destroyed Starship SN1 less than two weeks prior. Featuring a redesigned engine section and thrust structure (or “thrust puck,” per Musk), the Starship SN2 test tank survived pressure testing and even made it through engine thrust simulations with the help of an industrial-scale hydraulic jack.

While the tank passed its tests looking no worse for wear, the last-second design changes SpaceX had to make to rapidly perform thrust structure verification testing made it impossible to repurpose for any alternative use. Starship SN2 has thus been relegated to the scrapyard, a technical necessity but also a sign of both the program’s high rate of progress and low prototype cost. SpaceX’s Boca Chica factory has already more or less completed a new engine section for Starship SN3 and is probably just a day or two away from integrating it with the rest of the steel vehicle.

Less than three days after SpaceX’s brand new vehicle assembly building (VAB) had a single, small Starship section sat inside it, two additional sections of Starship SN3’s tank section departed their fabrication tents and were stacked on March 18th. Less than a day later, the third segment of the rocket’s tank section capped off the two that were stacked the day before. Once those three stacked sections are fully welded together to form a single, cohesive piece of steel, it will need to be stacked atop the aft tank dome and thrust structure to effectively complete Starship SN3’s tank section.

After all four sections are joined, technicians will need to install a few internal parts, but most remaining work mainly involves running wiring and plumbing for power, communications, propellant management, and pressurization. More likely than not, SpaceX replicate its Starship Mk1 and SN1 testing strategy and bring Starship SN3’s tank section to the launch pad for proof testing as soon as outfitting is complete. If the rocket passes proof testing, SpaceX can – for the first time – install functional Raptor engines on a full-scale Starship prototype and begin a crucial wet dress rehearsal (WDR) and static fire test campaign.

At the current rate of progress, SpaceX could easily be ready to transport Starship SN3 to the pad within the next week, give or take. Stay tuned for updates as the company works to quickly finish SN3 integration and move onto the testing phase.

Check out Teslarati’s newsletters for prompt updates, on-the-ground perspectives, and unique glimpses of SpaceX’s rocket launch and recovery processes.

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Although SpaceX sadly lost a record-breaking rocket booster and suffered a significant in-flight anomaly during its sixth Starlink launch, the company later revealed that it successfully recovered both of Falcon 9’s nosecone halves.

Starlink V1 L5 is now the second time ever that SpaceX – or anyone, for that matter – has successfully reused an orbital-class launch vehicle payload fairing, while the mission also marked the first time that SpaceX managed to recover a reused Falcon fairing. The burn from booster issues certainly isn’t fully salved, as twin fairing catchers Ms. Tree and Ms. Chief both missed their fairing catch attempts, but both twice-flown fairing halves were still successfully scooped out of the Atlantic Ocean before they were torn apart.

This is perhaps the most important milestone for SpaceX’s fairing recovery and reuse program since the first successful catch (June 2019) and first successful reuse (November 2019). With a twice-flown fairing now safely in hand for the first time, SpaceX will hopefully be able to dramatically expand its understanding of how flight-proven fairings – especially those that were fished out of the sea – stand up to launch conditions. If these flight-proven halves appear to be in great condition, it could be a boon for the near-term future of fairing recovery and reuse.

Catching fairings = hard

SpaceX has now been attempting to catch Falcon payload fairings for more than two years, beginning back in February 2018 after many months of additional development prior. The first successful catch came on the sixth post-launch attempt, followed immediately by a second successful catch two months later (August 2019). That back-to-back recovery appears to have been a bit of a fluke, however, with only one additional partial success (one of two ships caught a half) out of the five subsequent attempts.

By all appearances, accurately and reliably catching parasailing Falcon fairings is a spectacularly unforgiving challenge. That shouldn’t come as a huge surprise: each Falcon fairing will typically reach top speeds of 2.5+ km/s (1.5+ mi/s), technically reach space (100+ km or 63+ mi), and travel 500-1000+ km (300-600 mi) downrange before even remotely entering the vicinity of the ships designed to catch them out of the air.

Likely weighing just ~1000 kg (2200 lb) apiece, the lightweight, sail-like nature of SpaceX’s carbon fiber-aluminum honeycomb payload fairings is both a blessing and a curse. While it means they can effectively reenter Earth’s atmosphere at hypersonic velocities with next to no heat shield, it also means that free-falling and parasailing fairing halves are at the full mercy of said atmosphere after reentry, bowing to winds and air currents like dandelions in a breeze.

Fairing halves ultimately spend something like 30-40 minutes parasailing through the atmosphere after parafoil deployment, creating vast uncertainties when it comes to local weather and the general behavior of the atmosphere. Even excluding weather, the average fairing catch attempt is roughly akin to throwing an average marble into a kitchen sink from more than a kilometer (0.8 mi) away.

Soft ocean landings: quite a bit easier

What SpaceX has effectively discovered is that while catching fairing halves may be almost comically difficult, recovering the same halves intact is easily doable if the goal instead is to gently pick them up off the ocean surface. Of the eleven catch attempts SpaceX has made, all but two were followed by recovery vessels extracting one or both fairing halves -intact – from the ocean.

Most notably, though, SpaceX has yet to reuse any of the three Falcon fairing halves that were caught with Ms. Tree. Instead, both the first and second reuses used fairing halves that had been fished onto recovery ships after gentle Atlantic Ocean landings.

SpaceX has ultimately chosen to tackle the much harder reusability challenge – reusing fairings that have been partially immersed in saltwater – first, and done so quite successfully. Critically, the first reused fairing was unable to be recovered – even by sea – due to bad weather in the area, meaning that Wednesday’s recovery was a first for rare flight-proven fairing hardware. Given all the challenges Falcon fairings face with water sealing, corrosion, and contamination after water landings, it would be little surprise to learn that the second reused fairing is not exactly in pristine condition.

However, if it looks as good or better than SpaceX’s less-informed expectations, there’s a chance that it could open the floodgates for the full-scale pursuit of routine waterlogged fairing reuse. Even better, if the Starlink v0.9 and V1 L5 fairing halves have been recovered in great condition, there might be a chance to reuse Falcon fairings multiple times, following in the footsteps of the rocket boosters they launch on top of.

Check out Teslarati’s newsletters for prompt updates, on-the-ground perspectives, and unique glimpses of SpaceX’s rocket launch and recovery processes.

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Tesla CEO Elon Musk has offered to make medical ventilators from its Fremont, California factory if a shortage should arise from the ongoing battle against the coronavirus.

The statement by Musk comes as a surprise to many, considering his recently publicized belief that the global anxiety around the COVID-19 virus has been blown out of proportion and that the danger of panic far exceeds the danger of the virus itself. Musk’s controversial statements have provoked a large response within the Twitter community, including that of Raja Abbas: a Tesla owner within the medical field.

Update: NYC Mayor Bill de Blasio reached out to Elon Musk in a cry for help after seeing his offer to make ventilators. “Our country is facing a drastic shortage and we need ventilators ASAP — we will need thousands in this city over the next few weeks. We’re getting them as fast as we can but we could use your help! We’re reaching out to you directly,” said the Mayor. Elon Musk responded.

“Please repurpose your factory to make ventilators which are needed ASAP. I am a Tesla owner and love the company. You have to stop being an idiot about this. This is a massive disaster. Ask the doctors in the field,” read a tweet by Abbas that was aimed at Musk.

Musk agreed to the request, noting that Tesla and SpaceX already have experience with manufacturing devices that support human respiration.

We will make ventilators if there is a shortage

— Elon Musk (@elonmusk) March 19, 2020

“Tesla makes cars with sophisticated hvac systems. SpaceX makes spacecraft with life support systems. Ventilators are not difficult, but cannot be produced instantly,” said Musk over Twitter, and further adding, “Which hospitals have these shortages you speak of right now?”

The need for additional ventilators has taken center stage in the ongoing fight against the spread of the contagious COVID-19 coronavirus that has strained hospitals and medical facilities with patients outnumbering available machines. The ventilator has become a critical first line of defense for patients infected by the virus, which attacks the lungs and prevents it from providing vital oxygen to organs within the body.

With more than two-thirds of coronavirus patients in critical condition needing respiratory support, hospitals and intensive care units in areas with a high concentration of infected patients have seen their limited supply of ventilators become fully exhausted. In attempts to prevent the spread of the novel coronavirus and reduce strain on intensive care units, governments from around the world have implemented social distancing measures by way of school closures, work from home policies, and complete lockdowns.

Exactly. My guess is that the panic will cause more harm than the virus, if that hasn’t happened already.

— Elon Musk (@elonmusk) March 19, 2020

The San Francisco Bay Area was the first in the nation to implement a strict “shelter in place” order that required people to stay home and non-essential businesses to shutdown. Tesla’s factory in Alameda County is among the businesses impacted by the policy that took effect on Tuesday, although it managed to remain in partial operation following a high-profile exchange with the County Sheriff’s Department.

The company cut its workforce by 75%, from 10,000 employees to 2,500 employees, as it remained partially open for essential business, excluding vehicle production. Musk’s offer to manufacture ventilators from the factory can be seen as a welcome invitation for medical facilities that continue to support the ongoing battle against the spread of the coronavirus.

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There are a variety of effective ways to get Elon Musk’s attention. Tweeting is one, sharing memes is another. Tulsa, OK, which is pitching itself as an ideal site for Tesla’s Cybertruck Gigafactory, has decided to dig deep into its creative bones, coming up with a full-on meme assault explaining why the city is perfect for the all-electric pickup’s production.

Recently, Elon Musk noted that Tesla is looking for an idea location at the center of the United States where the Cybertruck could be built. Musk noted that the facility will be producing the all-electric pickup, and perhaps the Model Y as well. Several states have expressed interest for a Giga Cybertruck. But with so many areas vying for the facility, Tulsa, OK, appears to have gone the road less taken.

Introduced as the Big F*cking Field (or BFF, for short), Tulsa’s potential Cybertruck Gigafactory has several features that make it ideal for Tesla. Each of these characteristics was highlighted by the city, with each point being accented by some masterfully-selected memes.

In the BFF’s specs alone, Musk will not only see information about the site’s size (1500 acres) or its infrastructure (includes water lines and roads, among others); the CEO will also get specific measurements of the location’s distance to Mars (150.2 million miles), or the SEC headquarters (1053 miles) for that matter.  

The rest of Tulsa’s page for the Big F*cking Field follows much of the same format, especially with regards to its “Google Reviews” and its “Mode Preview.” Musk, being a bonafide meme lord and a huge fan of snarky humor, will likely have a chuckle when he scrolls through the BFF’s page. The Tesla CEO would certainly appreciate the $100 refundable deposit for the 1500-acre land, if any. 

But all jokes and memes aside, Tulsa, OK did highlight that if Tesla were to build its Cybertruck Gigafactory in the city, it would move very fast to get the project going. It was even noted that the process will be moving very fast, like “Plaid powertrain” fast. This could very well be a key selling point for the BFF, as Tesla intends to start production of the Cybertruck next year.

Tulsa, OK’s BFF actually has a dedicated Twitter account, and it’s just as sassy as its main website. Over the past few days, the team behind the BFF account has spent its time interacting with members of the social media platform, while trading jabs and memes with commenters (and poking fun at other cities in the United States that are also potential sites of the Cybertruck Gigafactory).

Overall, we have to say that Tulsa, OK’s pitch is very bold. One can even say it’s genius, and it may very well attract the interest of the Tesla CEO. 

Those interested to check out Tulsa, OK’s Big F*cking Field could click here.

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The transition of the automotive sector to sustainable solutions will not only affect the mainstream transportation industry. As the adoption of electric cars like Teslas continue, branches of the US government such as the US Army would need to embrace electrification as well. This is something that was recently discussed by 3-Star General Eric Wesley, the director of the US Army’s Futures and Concepts Center. 

In an interview with Defense News, Wesley explained why it is pertinent for the military to explore sustainable solutions for its future fleets. The Lt. Gen. also discussed some of the inherent advantages of electric vehicles compared to machines powered by the internal combustion engine. When talking about the current state of the US Army’s sustainable transition, though, Wesley admitted that things are running behind. 

“Let’s be clear. We’re behind. We’re late to meet on this thing. If you look at all of the analysis, all of the various nations that we work with, they’re all going to electric power with their automotive fleet, and right now, although we do (science and technology), and we’ve got some research and development going on, and we can build prototypes, in terms of a transition plan, we are not there,” he said. 

Wesley and his team are currently preparing a proposal for the head of Army Futures Command that addresses the topic of the US military’s efforts at electrifying its fleet. The 3-Star General noted that there are several key reasons why such an endeavor is needed. One of these is the fact that it is now undeniable that the entire automotive industry is going electric. The Army must do the same, or risk having its vehicles compromised by a potential lack of parts from the supply chain. 

Operating electric brigades presents a variety of advantages that are simply not possible with petrol-powered machines. Electric vehicles, for example, are very quiet, and they generally have low heat signatures. This makes them more difficult to detect compared to internal-combustion vehicles. But these are just the tip of the iceberg. 

Wesley added that electric brigades have a significant advantage in the way that they can remain deployed for extended periods for time. Since EVs can be charged from renewable sources such as the sun, they could operate independently in potentially contested environments. “We have to operate distributed, which means you have to have organic power that is readily available… Electrification allows you to have access to readily available power to distribute not only for the vehicle but for all those different systems that I have,” the Lt. Gen. said. 

Lastly, electrified army vehicles have far less parts than regular petrol-powered machines. Tesla’s electric motors only have a few dozen moving parts, for example, while a regular internal combustion engine has thousands of moving parts. Key components such as batteries are usually modular as well, which means that replacing compromised sections could be accomplished fairly easily. Several electric vehicles today share a lot of the same parts as well, fostering commonality. 

Electric vehicles have grown and evolved to the point where some EVs today are objectively better than their internal combustion counterparts, period. Battery costs are also dropping, with companies like Tesla reportedly approaching the $100 per kWh milestone. Vehicles such as the Tesla Cybertruck, which could be perfect for the Army due to its durable exoskeleton and over 500-mile range, suggests that more electric innovations are in active development as well. 

Ultimately, Wesley admitted that the US Army’s transition to electric vehicles would come with a substantial price tag. That being said, he estimates that the cost to power an all-electric brigade will be lower than the cost to power the military’s existing internal combustion vehicles. 

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Recent reports have suggested that The Boring Company’s second tunnel for the Las Vegas Convention Center is already being built. Video feeds from the site of one of the tunnels’ upcoming stations further indicate that work is still continuing on the site.

Updates about the Boring Company’s Las Vegas tunnels have been quite scarce as of late, though the tunneling startup posted the completion of its first tunnel on its Twitter account last month. After this, the Boring Company shared an image of its new tunnel boring machine, Prufrock, being deployed on an undisclosed site.

The LVCC Loop is expected to be completed by the time CES 2021 begins next year. The system, which will be comprised of two tunnels, will be ferrying attendees and visitors to the complex. Concept images from the tunneling startup show a fleet of autonomous Tesla Model 3 picking up and dropping off passengers at designated locations.

The fact that the LVCC Loop is still being constructed today bodes well for the project overall. The Las Vegas loop, after all, is the Boring Company’s first project for public use, and it presents an opportunity for the tunneling startup to make its mark in the transportation industry. So far, critics of the Boring Company have used the startup’s inexperience as a critical argument. The Las Vegas Loop is key to addressing this criticism.

The Las Vegas Loop provides more opportunities for The Boring Company beyond additional experience. It could, for one, become a real-world test project for Prufrock, a boring machine that is custom designed by the tunneling startup. Much of the Boring Co.’s innovations rely on Prufrock’s effectiveness, as the machine is designed to function far quicker than traditional TBMs.

The Boring Company has three tunnel boring machines at its disposal. The first one, Godot, was used for the test tunnel in Hawthorne, CA. Godot is a traditional TBM and is thus very slow. Line-Storm, its successor, is a hybrid machine that is capable of digging tunnels a few times faster. Prufrock, a custom-designed TBM, is expected to be capable of tunneling 10 to 15 times faster than conventional boring machines like Godot.

The Boring Company’s innovations depend on the speed of its projects. With smaller tunnels compared to the ones used on subways, the tunneling startup aims to complete projects at a fraction of the time and a fraction of the cost. To accomplish this, the Boring Company needs to figure out a way to expedite its operations, and the perfect way to accomplish this is to utilize a machine that simply outclasses the competition. Prufrock meets this criteria perfectly, and one can only hope that it gets deployed at the Las Vegas site, if not now, then in the near future.

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