Tesla (TSLA) bull projects massive growth in 2020 even with conservative estimates


This year has been one of Tesla’s most historic yet, with the company’s shares dropping to over two-year lows before recovering and reaching new all-time highs. As 2019 ends with Tesla showing its strength in terms of vehicle production and deliveries, an ardent TSLA bull has stated that the company is on the cusp of even more dramatic growth next year. What’s more, Tesla seems poised for this growth even with conservative estimates. 

Forecasts from Tesla investor-enthusiast Galileo Russell of YouTube’s Hyperchange channel have always been on the more conservative side. For his 2020 financial projections, the investor adopted the same stance. Despite this, results from the Hyperchange host’s research points to Tesla potentially delivering around 600,000 electric cars in 2020, provided that Model Y production hits its stride at the latter half of the year. That’s around a quarter of a million more than the vehicles Tesla will likely deliver this year. 

In a video outlining his thesis, Russell explained that Tesla is now at a point where its core business is seemingly headed towards more stable waters. Cash flow continues to show strength, and the company is sitting on $5 billion in cash. Demand for its vehicles like the Model 3 is validated by sales in the United States, Europe, and China as well, putting the “demand problem” short thesis to rest. Apart from this, Tesla has returned to profitability, and these sentiments are pretty much reflected in the company’s stock, which has broken the $400 per share barrier while hitting all-time-highs. 

(Credit: Hypercharts.co)
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In a way, Tesla is in a great place to start producing a vehicle that has the potential to carry it higher: the Model Y. The Model Y is a crossover, which means that it is targeted towards one of the auto industry’s most lucrative segments. If the Model 3, a vehicle that competes in a segment that is showing a decline in several regions, can push Tesla so far up, one can only imagine what the Model Y can do to boost the electric car maker further. Tesla, after all, expects the Model Y to outsell the Model S, Model X, and Model 3 combined

That being said, the TSLA investor expects Tesla Model Y production to be fairly gradual. Russell was optimistic in his projection that a few Model Y can enter production as early as Q1, but he remained conservative for the first half of the year. Overall, the Hyperchange host expects Model Y to hit its stride in the third quarter with a production of about 25,000 units. If Tesla accomplishes this, Russell noted that the crossover’s production could go as high as 75,000 in Q4. This is despite the investor’s prediction that Model S and X sales will drop to their lowest levels as buyers wait for the vehicles’ Plaid variants, and that the Model 3 will see some cannibalization from its crossover sibling. 

(Credit: Hypercharts.co)

It should be noted that Russell’s expectations don’t account for several factors that Tesla could still improve, including efficiencies in its vehicle production process and its gross margins. Considering these factors, Tesla may very well remain profitable while allowing the company to pursue other high-profile projects such as the establishment of the Megacharger Network for the Semi, or the buildout of massive projects such as Gigafactory 4 in Europe. 

It should also be noted that the Hyperchange host’s models do not account for any additional revenue streams that Tesla can tap into, such as its batteries and powertrains that could be sold to OEMs for their own electric cars. Elon Musk has stated that he is open to such ideas, and Fiat-Chrysler, which already buys credits from Tesla, has expressed interest in tapping into the Silicon Valley-based company’s technology. Considering the lead that Tesla continues to establish in terms of range and efficiency, the idea of a veteran automaker utilizing the company’s batteries and powertrains is more than feasible. 

Tesla stock has been on a massive rally lately, and as shares hit a record high, speculations were abounding that the rise was due to shorts covering, or sentiments improving from investors. Russell argues that the recent stock movement for TSLA is also driven, if not primarily, by the steady improvement in Tesla’s fundamentals. Little by little, Tesla is becoming more and more like a full-fledged business, and as it rakes in the profits amidst its growth, the company may very well be headed towards even more milestones in the near future. 

Watch the Hyperchange host’s full forecasts for Tesla in 2020 in the video below. 

Tesla (TSLA) bull projects massive growth in 2020 even with conservative estimates

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Tesla Arcade in China to get online multiplayer titles from Tencent


Tesla China plans to roll out three popular online games, a local weather app, an air quality alert system, and two streaming apps to its customers in the country in the first quarter of 2020. The official announcement as shared by Tesla owner-enthusiast Ray4Tesla on Twitter lists popular online titles Fight Landlords, Mahjong, and Happy Upgrade as part of the expected update. Tesla owners can play these games with their friends using their WeChat or QQ accounts.

These video games and apps are all products of Tencent Holdings, a Chinese multinational conglomerate with a market cap of about $461 billion that offers internet and mobile value-added services, advertising, and e-commerce transactions through its subsidiaries. In 2017, Tencent bought a 5% stake in Tesla, a strategic move that gave the electric car manufacturer a solid ally in China.

Fight Landlords, Mahjong, and Happy Upgrade are among the most popular Tencent Games played on QQ, an instant messaging app with more than 807 million users as of last year. Such games add color to the in-car entertainment system of Tesla that could provide a good boost to attract local, young, and tech-savvy car buyers in the country. Likewise, WeChat is also a property of Tencent and is the most popular messaging app in China with over a billion active users per month.

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QQ and WeChat are prominent messaging and social media apps treasured by businesses in China where 91 percent of online users have social media accounts. Consumers use these platforms to communicate, research brands, play games, and engage in transactions. Tesla’s presence on these popular apps gives the company some leverage if it wants to crack the local market. This should give Tesla an edge against established brands such as BMW, GM, and Volkswagen, to name a new.

Video games are nothing new in Tesla cars as the electric car maker has practically turned its vehicles’ infotainment system into a gaming console that could be used while the cars are on Park. Tesla offers various games that appeal to a wide range of users such as classic Atari games, Chess, Beach Buggy Racing 2, and more recently, Cuphead.

As Tesla China prepares for its first deliveries of the Model 3, rolling out popular games and useful apps can also help the brand attract more buyers away from local competition. They can serve as talking points that can further strengthen word of mouth marketing that has saved Tesla millions in advertising costs too. Furthermore, such a move shows the local market that Tesla is fully-committed to provide owners in the country with the best user experience possible.

This focus on its vehicles’ fun factor has been mentioned by CEO Elon Musk in the past. “The goal for the infotainment system is to say what’s the most amount of fun you can have in a car. I don’t think other car companies really think about it that way. It’s not just some sort of transport utility device with no soul and no character,” Musk said during the Q3 2019 earnings call.

Aside from the popular video games, the local weather app and air quality app come handy for consumers in China who live in areas with poor air quality.

As announced by the country’s Ministry of Industry and Information Technology earlier this month, two variants of the locally-made Tesla Model 3 will receive subsidies from the government. Deliveries of Made-in-China Model 3s also appear to be just around the corner, with car carriers filled with the vehicle being spotted in Gigafactory 3’s holding lots.

The announcement of Tesla China coincides with Elon Musk’s tweet about Tesla’s upcoming 2019 holiday software update, which is expected to include a “sneak preview” of Full-Self Driving, new games, and possibly a number of video streaming apps.

Tesla Arcade in China to get online multiplayer titles from Tencent

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SpaceX set to deploy another large batch of internet satellites as Starlink constellation expands


For the third time in less than four weeks, SpaceX has announced a new 60-satellite Starlink mission, making it the second Starlink launch scheduled in the first month of the new year.

This mission will be the company’s fifth dedicated Starlink launch, referring to the fact that SpaceX is using all of the performance of Falcon 9 for its own internal purposes. Comprised of 60 flat-packed satellites, SpaceX completed its first dedicated Starlink launch – known as Starlink v0.9 – in May 2019, followed by the first launch of 60 finalized “Starlink v1.0” satellites on November 11th, a mission known as Starlink-1.

Barring delays, the next Starlink v1.0 launch – Starlink-2 – will be SpaceX’s 14th and final launch of the year and is scheduled to lift off no earlier than 11:40 pm ET, December 30th (03:40 UTC, Dec 31), a mission the company announced on November 24th. Barely two weeks later, SpaceX announced media accreditation for Starlink-3, scheduled to launch in January 2020.

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Now, just ten days after announcing Starlink-3, SpaceX has announced plans for Starlink-4. Scheduled to launch no earlier than “late-January”, Starlink-4 is now the third Starlink mission SpaceX has announced in less than four weeks, all three of which are scheduled to launch within the next six weeks.

As previously discussed on Teslarati, the fact that SpaceX announced two Starlink missions in two weeks meshed well with the company’s goal of performing up to 24 dedicated Starlink launches in 2020.

“Barely two weeks after SpaceX opened media accreditation for Starlink-2, the second launch of finalized ‘v1.0’ satellites and third dedicated launch overall, the company has announced that that late-December mission will be followed by another Starlink launch in January 2020. This tracks almost exactly with SpaceX’s reported plans for as many as 24 dedicated Starlink launches in 2020, a feat that would singlehandedly break SpaceX’s current record of 21 launches performed in a single year.”

Eric Ralph — December 10th, 2019

With SpaceX’s December 19th’s Starlink-4 announcement, it’s now abundantly clear that the company is putting its money where its mouth is with respect to what might otherwise be perceived as a Muskian pie-in-the-sky target. CEO Elon Musk is (in)famous for his tendency to sketch out timelines that probably are theoretically possible but inevitably fall prey to the numerous challenges often faced during ambitious aerospace projects.

As of now, SpaceX took a bit less than six months to go from its first 60-satellite Starlink v0.9 launch to its first Starlink v1.0 launch (Starlink-1). If schedules hold, SpaceX’s second Starlink v1.0 launch – Starlink-2 – will lift off about six weeks after Starlink-1, while Starlink-3 could follow just 1-2 weeks later in January 2020.

Several Starlink satellites in orbit. (SpaceX – edit by Teslarati)

This is all to say that SpaceX is perfectly setting itself up for an average of two Starlink launches per month next year, so long as it continues to announce new missions every 2-3 weeks. Even if SpaceX falls short of that ambition due to any number of technical hurdles that could pop up next year, 15 or 20 Starlink launches would give the company a Starlink constellation more than a thousand satellites strong.

In recent months, SpaceX has indicated that Starlink will need at least 24 dedicated launches – 1440 satellites – to achieve uninterrupted global coverage, while as few as six launches (300 satellites) could enable service for customers in the northern US and southern Canada.

SpaceX COO and President Gwynne Shotwell believes the company can begin serving customers as early as mid-2020, ultimately maturing into an experienced internet service provider (ISP) in 2021. With almost 120 satellites already in orbit, if SpaceX can manage an average of 1.5 to 2 Starlink launches per month in 2020, the broadband internet constellation will have near-global coverage before the start of 2021.

For now, it looks like the first few months of the next decade will be jam-packed with SpaceX Starlink launches, not to mention the customer launches the company intends to complete on top of its own internal manifest.

Check out Teslarati’s newsletters for prompt updates, on-the-ground perspectives, and unique glimpses of SpaceX’s rocket launch and recovery processes.

SpaceX set to deploy another large batch of internet satellites as Starlink constellation expands

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Tesla brings out Cybertruck, ATV and Roadster at company holiday party


Tesla hosted a private company Christmas party Wednesday night at its Hawthorne, California Design Studio and while Santa Claus wasn’t there, one cannot complain when the next-generation Roadster together with the upcoming Cybertruck and accompanying all-electric Cyberquad ATV makes a grand appearance.

Details about the party held at the Tesla Design Center in Hawthorne, California are slim limited but images and videos posted online are enough to make Tesla fans and other autophiles drool, especially with the rare appearance of the next-generation Tesla Roadster.

Entrepreneur Nan Lin posted images on Instagram and Facebook that gives us a good look of the all-electric Tesla supercar, the polarizing Cybertruck, and the much-awaited Cyberquad ATV:

Tesla Cybertruck, ATV, and next-gen Roadster at 2019 Tesla Holiday Party in Hawthorne (Credit: nanunlimited/Instagram)

The Roadster — dubbed by Tesla as the quickest car in the world with record-setting acceleration, range, and performance– is expected to roll out in late 2020 following the Model Y. Tesla claims it will have a top speed of over 250 mph, can sprint from 0 to 60 mph in 1.9s and will include cold-gas gas thrusters as part of a SpaceX package.

Last October, Tesla Chief Designer Franz von Holzhausen provided insights about what consumers can expect from the production version of the all-electric supercar when he appeared on the Ride The Lightning podcast.

“It’s evolving deservedly so; it needs more time. It will be even better than what we’ve unveiled. In every way,” von Holzhausen said.

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Franz von Holzhausen’s thoughts echoes what Elon Musk thinks the Roadster can do. According to the Tesla chief, the tri-electric motor supercar with Plaid powertrain can absolutely break the Nürburgring’s all-time track record. The Tesla Roadster is expected to hit the track in West Germany next year.

Below are more images from the Tesla Christmast party from Instagram user @giftedkicks:

Tesla brings out Cybertruck, ATV and Roadster at company holiday party

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SpaceX fairing recovery ships return to port with Falcon 9 nosecone and battle scars


Four days after they headed out into the Atlantic Ocean, twin SpaceX fairing recovery ships Ms. Tree and Ms. Chief have returned to port with both halves of a Falcon 9 fairing, although they appear to have picked up some battle scars along the way.

Ms. Tree and its near-identical sibling Ms. Chief departed Port Canaveral on December 14th and arrived on station – 790 km (490 mi) off the coast of Florida – some 36 hours later. Each outfitted with a quartet of arms and pair of nets, it was the first time both ships successfully made it out into the Atlantic for a simultaneous fairing catch attempt, having been foiled by high seas during a prior November outing.

For unknown reasons, after the duo’s November false start, both ships stopped for almost two weeks at a South Carolina port, perhaps indicating that SpaceX was concerned about the structural integrity of the ships’ seemingly fragile net mechanism. In February 2019, Mr. Steven (now Ms. Tree) lost two of its four arms while heading downrange for an attempted catch, apparently broken off by pitching caused by high seas. Further strengthening the case that their net mechanisms are rather fragile, both Ms. Tree and Ms. Chief again suffered damage after their Kacific-1/JCSAT-18 Falcon 9 fairing recovery attempt.

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Both ships arrived back at Port Canaveral on December 18th and were caught by Teslarati photographer Richard Angle while passing through the narrow mouth of the port. GO Ms. Chief took the lead, revealing a Falcon 9 fairing half snugly secured with a tarp on her deck – the ship’s very first launch vehicle hardware recovery.

GO Ms. Chief sails past the mouth of Port Canaveral, marking the end of its first true Falcon fairing recovery mission. (Richard Angle)

First (partially) successful fairing recovery quite literally under wraps, Ms. Chief nevertheless did not make it through the rite of passage unscathed. Oddly, it appears that just one of the ship’s eight white arm supports is missing (the rear right or aft starboard arm), visibly resulting in the arm slouching a bit compared to its siblings. Intriguingly, it appears that the arm is partially stretching – and thus potentially resting on – Ms. Chief’s net and rigging.

The fact that only one of the arm’s two beams (of eight total) seems to have failed is more immediately indicative of possible human error during installation or a defective attachment mechanism, although it’s entirely possible that a fluke of weather could have damaged just the one beam.

Both Ms. Tree and Ms. Chief suffered damage during their Kacific-1/JCSAT-18 fairing recovery mission, the latest sign that their nets and arms are surprisingly fragile. (Richard Angle)

Thankfully, Ms. Tree (formerly Mr. Steven) appears to have made it through the recovery mission with all four arms fully intact, although the ship clearly struggled with a separate mechanism. Notably, Ms. Tree seems to have struggled to use its secondary net to lift its fairing half out of the sea and onto her deck, with that smaller net clearly suffering a multitude of rips and tears at some point during the process. Her recovered fairing half is somewhat awkwardly strewn on the deck with no obvious attempt to rectify the issue, indicating that the net may have torn mid-lift, causing the fairing to fall maybe 5-10 feet.

If it did actually fall onto Ms. Tree’s deck, that will almost certainly be visible in the form of damage to its aluminum-composite honeycomb structure and white insulation coating.

Ultimately, fairing recovery continues to prove itself to be a major challenge, although SpaceX obviously has no intention of giving up. With two successful catches already in hand, it’s clear that fairing recovery is undeniably possible and is more a matter of tweaking existing systems than starting from scratch. Much like Falcon 9 booster recovery had and its fair share of failed landings even after the first success, it will likely take quite a while for SpaceX to optimize fairing recovery to the point that it can be considered reliable.

For now, routine fairing recovery and reuse will likely continue to be Falcon 9’s white whale, at worst adding to the excitement of every SpaceX satellite launch.

Check out Teslarati’s newsletters for prompt updates, on-the-ground perspectives, and unique glimpses of SpaceX’s rocket launch and recovery processes.

SpaceX fairing recovery ships return to port with Falcon 9 nosecone and battle scars

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Boeing’s astronaut capsule set for launch debut, joins SpaceX in race for crewed missions


Boeing’s Starliner spacecraft and United Launch Alliance’s Atlas V rocket are scheduled to lift off on their orbital launch debut no earlier than (NET) 6:36 am ET (11:36 UTC), December 20th, a little more than nine months after SpaceX’s Crew Dragon completed a similar attempt.

Officially known as their Orbital Flight Test (OFT), Starliner and Atlas V rolled around half a mile from ULA’s Vertical Integration Facility (VIF) to its LC-41 launch pad, all part of the company’s Cape Canaveral Air Force Station (CCAFS) facilities.

The final roll-out aboard ULA’s Atlas V mobile launch platform is the last major integration operation ahead of Starliner’s uncrewed launch debut – a week-long visit to the International Space Station (ISS). According to ULA President and CEO Tory Bruno, things are looking good for the duo to lift off tomorrow morning.

Boeing’s Starliner spacecraft sits atop ULA’s Atlas V rocket at its LC-41 launch pad. (Richard Angle)
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The 24 hours after roll-out will be filled with final checks of the rocket, spacecraft, and all other associated systems and teams. The crew access arm of SLC-41 was deployed and connected to the Starliner capsule to allow the astronaut close-out “Blue Team” to conduct final capsule preparations just as they would occur before a crewed launch. 3 hours before launch, the Blue Team will return to the capsule to complete final pressurization and leak checks and close out the capsule for flight.

The OFT will closely mirror the SpaceX Crew Dragon’s recent test flight – Demonstration-1 Mission, or Demo-1 – to the International Space Station (ISS) in March 2019. OFT will serve as the capsule’s proof of flight for NASA’s Commercial Crew Program (CCP). Starliner will launch aboard the ULA Atlas V and is expected to complete a round-trip flight to the ISS and return for landing at White Sands Missile Range in New Mexico approximately 8 days following launch.

The test flight will also deliver cargo to the crew currently aboard the ISS including Christmas presents and commemorative items such as tree seeds in homage to the Apollo era and silver Snoopy pins described by Boeing as a “preeminent lifetime honor in human spaceflight.”

Both CCP capsules are intended to serve as an astronaut taxi service to the ISS taking over for NASA’s space shuttle services which concluded in 2011. Following the successful completion of Friday’s test flight – and SpaceX’s upcoming In-Flight Abort test of Crew Dragon – both CCP partners expect to support crewed spaceflight by the close of 2020.

The Atlas V and Boeing Starliner are ready to complete the second-ever, first for Starliner, flight to the ISS under NASA’s Commercial Crew Program. The launch attempt is currently targeting Friday, December 20th at 6:36am EST/ 1136 GMT from Florida. NASA will begin a livestream of the launch approximately an hour ahead of launch Friday morning at 5:30am EST.

Check out Teslarati’s newsletters for prompt updates, on-the-ground perspectives, and unique glimpses of SpaceX’s rocket launch and recovery processes.

Boeing’s astronaut capsule set for launch debut, joins SpaceX in race for crewed missions

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Once-deemed Tesla ‹killer› VW ID.3 is rolling off the line without complete software: report


The Volkswagen ID.3, the German auto giant’s first step in its efforts to embrace a fully-electric future, formally entered production last month. Despite this, reports from German business media have indicated that the ID.3 being built today are rolling off the factory without a complete software architecture. 

According to a report from Manager Magazin, the lack of a fully-complete software in the ID.3 is due to “massive software problems” that the company’s developers are encountering. As a result, ID.3 units that have been produced so far are reportedly being parked in specially-rented parking lots, where they await the installation of new software. This system is expected to be adopted for the first 10,000 ID.3 that are produced. 

A second wave of Volkswagen ID.3, which is expected to correspond to over 20,000 units, should be reworked. These vehicles, unlike the 10,000 units that preceded them, should be installed with Volkswagen’s latest software via “over-the-air” updates. This is a rather ambitious jump, but it is more than feasible considering that American automaker Tesla has been adopting an over-the-air model for years. 

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There was once a time when the term “Tesla Killer’ was a hot keyword among the Silicon Valley-based electric car maker’s critics. Among them, the ID.3, with its affordable price and size, was hailed as a potential “killer” of the Tesla Model 3. The fact that the ID.3 was coming from one of the world’s biggest automakers was considered as a key edge against the Silicon Valley-made vehicle. 

Yet, similar to other EVs from traditional OEMs before it like the Jaguar I-PACE and the Audi e-tron, the ID.3 actually seems to be bogged down by details that traditional automakers are simply not very good at. Among these is software, something which Tesla CEO Elon Musk noted was a pain point for traditional car companies. 

That being said, Musk has shown significant support for Volkswagen and its electric car initiatives. The ID.3 is only the first vehicle in its modular MEB electric car kit, which means that several other EVs are coming through the pipeline in the near future. This is something that VW CEO Herbert Diess is very particular about. 

While Volkswagen is currently struggling with the software of the ID.3, the German automaker intends to eventually sell its software architecture to competitors. This would be a great idea for Volkswagen, but it would have to ensure that its software is working perfectly for its own electric cars first.

Once-deemed Tesla ‹killer› VW ID.3 is rolling off the line without complete software: report

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Tesla begins Gigafactory 4 land survey in Berlin including checks for WWII-era bombs


Surveying teams are at the future site of Tesla’s Gigafactory 4 in Brandenburg, Germany preparing for the removal of trees and possible discovery and unearthing of World War II-era weapons.

Several photos posted by @Gf4Tesla on Twitter show numerous teams preparing for the deforestation of the site. While some expect a lashing-out from environmentalist groups, Grünheide Mayor Arne Christiani has stated that the trees in the area are of “inferior quality.” This leads him to believe there will be relatively no resistance from environmentally-conscious people. There is a sense of urgency to begin the removal of the forestation ahead of the usually heavy vegetation period that begins in March. Failure to begin deforestation before this time would make the clearing of land more time-consuming, laborious, and difficult.

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The other issue that needs to be confronted before the land is considered “safe” to build on is the possible removal of bullets and undetonated explosives in the ground. The region is home to several famous battles, including the Battle of Seelow Heights that took place near Gigafactory 4’s planned location. This three-day fight took the lives of nearly 45,000 German, Soviet, and Polish soldiers in 1945, just five months before the conclusion of World War II. A company trained in the removal of explosive materials is stationed at the site and ready to remove any harmful materials that remain from historical battles.

Tesla has plans to begin Gigafactory 4 construction as early as January 2020 and has reportedly reached a purchase price with landowners for the 300 hectares of space. The initial phase of completion will yield an output of 250,000 cars, beginning with Model Y, and ramp to 500,000 and 750,000 in its second and third phases, respectively.

Gigafactory 4 was announced by Tesla CEO Elon Musk in November at an awards ceremony in Berlin, where Model 3 was recognized as the Best Midsize Car in the country. The location will be responsible for the production and distribution of its European-based electric cars.

Tesla begins Gigafactory 4 land survey in Berlin including checks for WWII-era bombs

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Martian auroras offer clues to how the red planet lost its water


Aurorae are a dazzling light spectacle often visible at high-altitude locations here on Earth. They’re colorful and mesmerizing, but most of all, they’re mysterious.

A new study has found that this same phenomenon also happens on Mars. In research presented last week at the American Geophysical Union’s annual Fall meeting, scientists revealed that the most common form of Martian aurorae is called the proton aurora. 

Just like the auroras we see here on Earth, proton aurorae are formed when the solar wind—a stream of charged particles emanating from the Sun—interacts with the atmosphere. That interaction often manifests itself as a mesmerizing swirl of colored lights in the night sky. 

On Mars, however, the auroras appear during the daytime and onlookers would need special ultraviolet glasses to see them. That’s because they’re invisible to the naked eye, but can be spotted with special UV instruments.  

The Northern Lights, a type of aurora witnessed here on Earth as seen from Iceland. Credit: Richard Angle/Teslarati
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These auroras aren’t just a future Martian tourist attraction, they have a scientific value. We could better understand how Mars is losing water to space and more about how the planet’s climate is changing.

Proton auroras were first discovered in 2016 by NASA’s Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution (MAVEN) spacecraft. MAVEN is investigating how the Red Planet lost its atmosphere and water, ultimately transforming its climate from one that may have supported life to one that is inhospitable.

The observed aurora can help researchers track the amount of water lost since the auroras are related to water loss.

“In this new study using MAVEN/IUVS data from multiple Mars years, the team has found that periods of increased atmospheric escape correspond with increases in proton aurora occurrence and intensity,” Andréa Hughes of Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University in Daytona Beach, Florida said in a news release.

Auroras on both planets start with the same source: the solar wind. On Earth, they appear when the solar wind slams into our planet’s magnetic field. High-energy collisions occur as the charged solar particles interact with particles of atmospheric gas. Each type of particle produces a different colored light in the sky. 

Martian auroras start in much the same way, charged particles from the solar wind collide with a cloud of hydrogen that surrounds the red planet. When this happens, protons in the solar wind become neutral after stealing electrons from the hydrogen atoms. They then collide with other molecules in the Martian atmosphere, producing an ultraviolet glow.

Images of Mars proton aurora. Credits: Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University/LASP, U. of Colorado

Since the hydrogen cloud surrounding the planet is created in part by water being lost to space, this could give scientists a way to measure the amount of water lost over time. 

When the MAVEN team first observed the proton aurora, they thought they were witnessing an unusual phenomenon. “At first, we believed that these events were rather rare because we weren’t looking at the right times and places,” Mike Chaffin, a research scientist at the University of Colorado Boulder’s Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics (LASP) said in a statement

After Chaffin’s team took a closer look, they discovered that the proton auroras occur quite frequently, especially in the summer. This is probably due to seasonal variation in the hydrogen cloud that surrounds Mars. The team noted that during the Martian summer, the cloud lines up just right to produce near-constant auroras. 

But that’s not all. The researchers also discovered that as temperatures climb during the summer, rising dust clouds would carry water vapor away from the planet’s surface. That water vapor is then broken down into its components: hydrogen and oxygen. As more hydrogen escapes into space, it enhances the hydrogen cloud enveloping Mars and ultimately leads to more frequent (and brighter) proton auroras. 

This animation shows how proton auroras at Mars form. Credits: NASA/MAVEN/Goddard Space Flight Center/Dan Gallagher

“Observations of proton auroras at Mars provides a unique perspective of hydrogen and, therefore, water loss from the planet,” physicist Edwin Mierkiewicz of Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University in Florida said in a statement.

“Through this research, we can gain a deeper understanding of the Sun’s interactions with the upper atmosphere of Mars and with similar bodies in our Solar System, or in another solar system, that lacks a global magnetic field.”

So, if we ever do make it to Mars, those first visitors are going to witness some truly out-of-this-world sights—as long as they packed their ultraviolet goggles.

Martian auroras offer clues to how the red planet lost its water

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Rivian’s new ‹Guardian Mode› will safely move passengers without any driver present


A new patent submitted by electric car maker Rivian aims to create a safe traveling experience without anyone actually operating the vehicle. This would allow the vehicle to transport individuals who are not fully-competent to operate a vehicle to a destination without having a driver present.

Rivian named the patent “Systems and Methods for Operating an Autonomous Vehicle in a Guardian Mode,” and filed it to the United States Patent Office on June 11, 2019. The patent would create a new mode that could allow a physical driver to not actually be present for the duration of a trip. It would instead give the vehicle’s owner the option to request a ride for someone who is not capable of legally or safely operating the vehicle, like a child or a senior citizen. The company calls this capability “Guardian Mode.”

Using examples like a child needing a ride home from school, Rivian mentions that the development of autonomous vehicles are allowing for safe travel without someone having to be in direct control of the vehicle. However, there is the possibility for someone who is not fully competent to still control the car and make use of the vehicle’s autonomous features to travel, even if they are not legally able to.

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Rivian explains this point further in the following section:

Modem autonomous vehicle technology allows an autonomous vehicle to transport passengers between destinations without being directly controlled by a human driver. Consequently, it is now possible for an autonomous vehicle to transport a user who is not fully competent (e.g., a child user, a senior citizen user, or a mentally challenged user) without a fully competent user being present. However, in such a situation, a user who is not fully competent may misuse the capabilities of the autonomous vehicle while in transit. Such misuse may lead to undesirable situations (e.g., a child requesting to go to a wrong location), or even dangerous situations (e.g., a child opening a door while the car is still in motion, or a child unbuckling a seat belt). Consequently, what is needed is an autonomous vehicle with a mode of operation that is appropriate for transporting users who are not fully competent.”

The new “Guardian Mode” would be activated by initially having a user request a destination for their vehicle. Subsequently, the vehicle would ask the user if it would be operating in “Regular Driving Mode” with a driver present, or in “Guardian Mode” without someone directly operating the vehicle. The car would then decide upon a route of travel based on this selection.

Figure 4 of Rivian’s Patent that describes the decision-making process for its new “Guardian Mode”. (Credit: US Patent Office)

“Guardian Mode” would give the person who is present some freedoms within the vehicle, like radio or music operation, climate control, opening or closing windows, or in some cases, request a destination change. All of these options would be enabled or disabled by the owner of the car. They would input a PIN or passcode that would activate or deactivate each of these settings. The patent also states that the vehicle would be in constant connection with a laptop or smartphone to allow for communication between the vehicle and the owner.

In October, Rivian submitted a different patent for a control system that would customize a user’s ability to control certain functions within the vehicle. This was an attempt to increase the safety of the company’s fully-autonomous platform because they recognized that not everyone should have access to some features of the vehicle.

In an attempt to create a safer road, Rivian’s several patents geared toward the development of fully-autonomous driving are a recognition that there are loopholes within the overall framework of the idea. While self-driving vehicles are new and exciting and safer than humans in many ways, there are certain functions that are open for user abuse. One incident of a child getting behind the wheel of an autonomous car could spell disaster for the entire industry and may set back autonomous traveling technology back several years. Before the world commits to a fully autonomous driving future, the industry’s leaders must confront the obvious issues. The submission of these patents is proof that Rivian is facing these challenges head-on.

Rivian’s new ‹Guardian Mode› will safely move passengers without any driver present

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