LNG: TESLARATI

Elon Musk’s The Boring Company has surpassed 65% completion on its Las Vegas tunnel project. A timelapse video taken at the project site shows the company’s Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM) has picked up the pace and has now dug 2,900 feet for the first tunnel of the Las Vegas Convention Center.

The video shows how the earth excavated from the tunnel is being lifted into loading-trucks, which then transfer the soil to another location. Once the earth is removed, wall panels are hoisted.

Drilling for the two-tunnel Vegas Loop transportation system began in November last year and is part of the $810 million renovations and expansion of the Convention Center.  Local media outlet News 3TV reports that the expansion project is around 65 percent complete, putting it right on schedule for the opening of CES in January next year.

The first tunnel, which is situated right underneath Paradise Road, is about the length of eight football fields right now. Once the Las Vegas Loop is complete, it will connect the Convention Center to important locations in the city, including the McCarran International Airport, the Strip, and downtown Las Vegas, among others.

60 minutes nightly The Boring Tunnel work compressed in 6 minutes at the Las Vegas Convention project from r/BoringCompany

It also aims to cut down travel time from one end of the renovated Convention Center to the other end. Currently, it would take 45 minutes for one to walk the entire distance of the expanded campus. However, using the Vegas Loop will significantly cut down travel time to just two minutes, according to convention head Steve Hill. Around 4,400 people are expected to use the underground transportation system per hour.

“We’ve really been pleased with the progress. Everything’s remained on track timeline-wise,” says Lori Nelson-Kraft, senior vice president of communications and government affairs for the Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority.

The speed with which Boring Company has been working may be attributed to Line-Storm, its second-generation hybrid TBM that has been touted to be twice as fast as Godot, the original drilling machine. At the rate Line-Storm is going, it is expected to complete drilling the first tunnel by March and the second tunnel by May. The Convention Center previously announced that digging for the first tunnel was halfway through completion in mid-January.

The Vegas Loop is not the first project of its kind. The Boring Company has successfully completed a private test tunnel in Hawthorne, CA to be used for developing new tunneling and transportation technologies. However, the $52.2 million people mover in Las Vegas will be the first to be available for public use. Other Boring Company projects include the Dugout Loop in LA, the Express Loop for the O’Hare International Airport in Chicago, and a Loop connecting Washington D.C. and Baltimore.

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General Motors will unveil its brand new all-electric truck this Sunday during the Super Bowl. Interestingly enough, GM has decided to attach a name infamous for low efficiency and nearly no environmental benefits to the vehicle to its upcoming EV — the Hummer. 

Interestingly, the rough and tough SUV that was popular in the early and mid-2000s is not synonymous with fuel efficiency or sustainability. The 2010 Hummer H3, one of the last production models of the vehicle, only maintained an EPA rating of 14 MPG city and 18 highway.

This does not appear to be an issue that GM feels will hinder the future sales of the vehicle as they will boast some lofty expectations for the all-electric truck during the most-watched sporting event of the year.

GM states the new all-electric Hummer will maintain 1,000 horsepower with 11,500 lb-ft of torque and will have an acceleration of 0-60 mph in 3 seconds. The numbers are extremely similar to that of the Rivian R1T and the Tri-Motor Tesla Cybertruck, two vehicles that seem to be the focus of manufacturers aiming to break into the electric pickup sector.

The truck will be officially recognized as a GMC vehicle when it begins production in late 2021. It will be the first electric vehicle built by GM in its Detroit-Hamtramck plant, where the company recently invested $2.2 billion to begin manufacturing electric cars. The company also plans to begin ramping its self-driving software, known as “Super Cruise,” in the near future.

While past electric vehicles have been labeled as and designed to be luxurious machines that promote sustainability, environmental longevity, and clean transportation, the new generation of battery-powered cars have seemed to take on a new tone: tough and reliable performance in the most demanding of tasks.

While the Tesla Cybertruck has broken the stereotypical idea of what a truck should look like, the F-150 EV and Hummer EV have also been geared toward a “tougher” look, as opposed to the Rivian R1T that can almost be viewed as a luxury truck that is capable of off-road performance. It seems companies who are manufacturing electric trucks may be recognizing that some drivers are looking for sustainable options that can handle stressful situations.

One thing that has not been formally addressed by any electric car company is a truck is optimized for the construction industry, which is known for utilizing powerful pickup trucks for hauling and lugging supplies. The Cybertruck, R1T, and new Hummer trucks all have the capability to perform in these environments according to their specs, all while offering different looks that will surely please the aesthetic preferences of a wide variety of buyers.

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CEO Elon Musk said during the Tesla Q4 2019 earnings call that the Model S is getting closer to achieving a 400-mile range as battery technology improves and as important pieces of the puzzle come into play to achieve the ambitious.

One investor asked the Tesla chief when the Models S and Model X will shift from 18650 cells to 2170 cells since this could be the reason why the sales of the pricier electric vehicles in the Tesla garage have stayed flat. Elon Musk explained Tesla’s current rationale for the Model S as follows.

“The core chemistry inside the 18650 cells has improved many times over the years so it’s really the form factor as opposed to a core technology…We’re pretty happy with the energy content, the improvements, and the efficiency of the vehicle. We’re rapidly approaching a 400-mile range for the Model S, for example,” Musk said.

The Model S has an EPA-certified range between 348 miles and 373 miles while the Model X SUV can go between 305 miles and 328 miles on a single charge. Meanwhile, the entry-level Standard Range Plus Model 3 can travel 250 miles on a charge, while the Performance and Long Range AWD variant can go 322 miles. Musk noted that the figures in the Model S and X order pages are actually conservative.

“Actually, the Model S and X actually have more range than we are currently stating on the website. We just haven’t gotten around to updating the EPA-certified number but the actual range of the Model S and X are above what the website says they are,” Musk said.

While Musk did not provide a direct answer when the Model S and X will switch from 18650  to 2170 battery cells or will there really be a need to do that, the Tesla co-founder and chief executive confirmed last November that the company is planning to use a new battery pack for the Plaid Model S and Model X, which features a three electric motor setup.

New hardware incoming.
Integrated inductive phone charger (Qi) for S/X cars.
Two new S/X battery types in several configs (not yet sure of the capacity – TBD)
new lumbar (so new seats?)
New charge port type.
New suspension version.
I would speculate all these are imminent 1/

— green (@greentheonly) January 25, 2020

Recently, Tesla community hacker Green spotted two new battery types with several configurations for the Models S and Model X. This could be related to the release of the Plaid variants, as well as upcoming announcements during the Tesla Battery Day that’s tentatively scheduled to happen in April.

During the Q4 2019 earnings call, Musk was also asked what it plans to do with Maxwell Technologies. Tesla completed the acquisition of the company that is focused on batteries and ultracapacitors in May 2019.

The Tesla chief was quick to reply that “It’s an important piece of the puzzle.”

“We’re going to talk about this in battery day which is probably April and then a lot of these questions will be answered. I think it’s going to be a very compelling story,” he said. “I think it’s gonna actually blow people’s minds. It blows my mind,” Musk added.

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Rivian has teamed up with Ford to develop and produce an electric vehicle for Lincoln: Ford’s luxury brand that has produced comfortable and stylish sedans and SUVs since 1917.

The vehicle will be Lincoln’s first attempt at an all-electric car, but not its first attempt at battery-operation in its vehicles. Lincoln has manufactured two plug-in hybrid SUVs in the past and is aiming to take on a project that would create a vehicle that would not operate on petrol-based products.

The vehicle will be manufactured on Rivian’s “skateboard” platform that is comprised of the Lithium-ion batteries being packed in the car’s floor. Rivian will produce the skateboard design at its plant in Normal, Illinois. However, neither company would confirm if the Lincoln EV would be produced in a Rivian or Ford factory.

Ford has broken into the electric car market by producing a number of its own battery electric vehicles (BEV). The company stated in March 2018 that it would be creating 16 electric vehicles and 40 electrified vehicles by the end of 2022. After unveiling its F-150 EV in July and the Mach-E in November, Ford seemed to be transitioning its product line toward more sustainable options.

However, the company decided to put a hefty $500 million investment into Rivian. When Ford joined forces with the Plymouth, Michigan-based electric car maker, they stated the companies would work jointly to produce an electric car. Rivian CEO RJ Scaringe stated the partnership would help move the world toward environmentally-friendly modes of transportation.

“This strategic partnership marks another key milestone in our drive to accelerate the transition to sustainable mobility. Ford has a long-standing commitment to sustainability, with Bill Ford being one of the industry’s earliest advocates, and we are excited to use our technology to get more electric vehicles on the road,” Scaringe said in a company press release.

Ford is not the only large company to inject a large sum of money into Rivian’s future plans to produce sustainable electric cars. Amazon decided to contribute with a $700 million investment into the company, along with the purchase of 100,000 electric vans that will eventually deliver the company’s packages. In the company’s most recent investment round, Rivian rallied a total of $1.3 billion in total investments.

The partnership between Ford and Rivian will do what RJ Scaringe intends it to do: accelerate the transition to sustainable forms of transportation. While Tesla continues to hold a sizeable lead in the electric vehicle sector on the heels of its Q4 2019 earnings call, Rivian seems to be gaining some momentum through the support of some of the world’s biggest companies.

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A statement from Tesla on Wednesday recently indicated that the electric car maker has entered into a partnership with South Korean firm LG Chem and Chinese company CATL for Giga Shanghai’s battery supply. The battery deal allows the company to help secure the supply of cells that will be used for the Made-in-China Model 3 and Model Y crossover, both of which will be produced on site at Giga Shanghai. 

In a statement to Reuters, Tesla noted that its partnership with LG Chem and CATL in China would be on a smaller scale than the company’s long-standing collaboration with Japanese battery firm Panasonic in the United States. Tesla and Panasonic have worked together since the automaker’s early days, supplying the 18650 cells of the Model S and Model X. Panasonic is also Tesla’s partner in Giga Nevada, the company’s own battery facility in the United States. 

LG Chem, for its part, has declined to provide a comment to the publication. CATL, on the other hand, did not respond to Reuters when it was asked for a comment either. Tesla was reportedly not immediately available for a comment about the specifics of its partnership with LG Chem and CATL. 

This is not the first time that news about Tesla’s partnership with LG Chem and CATL has emerged. Last August, a Bloomberg report noted that Tesla was tapping LG Chem as a battery cell supplier for Giga Shanghai. The South Korean company will reportedly be supplying Tesla with 2170 cells that will be used for the MIC Model 3, and later, the Made-in-China Model Y. The batteries will reportedly be produced at LG Chem’s Nanjing facility as well, which is just about 200 miles away from Shanghai. 

Rumors of Tesla’s battery partnership with CATL have also been around for some time. Back in November, reports emerged stating that the electric car maker and the battery supplier have reached a preliminary agreement for Giga Shanghai’s operations. The initial contract was reportedly reached following Tesla CEO Elon Musk’s trip to Shanghai in August 2019, when he met with CATL Chairman Zeng Yuqun. 

A partnership with LG Chem and CATL bodes well for Tesla and its efforts to push into the local Chinese market. With local suppliers secured, Tesla will be able to tap into a steady stream of cells for the production of the Model 3 and Model Y. This should allow Tesla to ramp the production of its two high-volume vehicles without much difficulties.

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Tesla Model Y first deliveries will begin in March of this year. The all-electric carmaker noted in its Q4 2019 Update Letter that the production ramp for the crossover began as early as January 2020. The company also stated that the Environmental Protection Agency has increased the Model Y’s Dual Motor All-Wheel Drive range to 315 miles, from its original 280-mile rating.

Tesla noted that the pace of its producing vehicles has improved significantly. Crediting the improvements the company has made in its production of the Model 3 in the United States, the Fremont factory has started producing the Model Y and expects to produce 500,000 units of the crossover each year. The vehicle is planned to enter production at Giga Shanghai in 2021.

RELATED: Tesla (TSLA) crushes Q4 2019 results: Maintains profit, beats Wall St. revenue estimates

Tesla expects to begin delivering the Model Y crossover by the end of Q1 2020. “The ramp of Model Y will be gradual as we will be adding additional machinery in various production shops. After such expansions are done by mid-2020, installed combined Model 3 and Model Y capacity should reach 500,000 units per year,” Tesla wrote.

On top of the news that production and deliveries for the Model Y will happen ahead of schedule, Tesla also announced that the EPA formally increased its AWD variant from 280 to 315 miles.

“Due to continued engineering progress of the Model Y all-wheel drive (AWD), we have been able to increase its maximum EPA range to 315 miles, compared to our previous estimate of 280 miles. This extends Model Y’s lead as the most energy-efficient electric SUV in the world,” the company stated.

Initially, the Model Y’s first deliveries were anticipated for the end of 2020. However, Tesla announced during its 2019 Q3 earnings call that the vehicle’s production availability was ahead of schedule and the company formally moved its anticipated delivery dates forward to Summer 2020.

As Tesla enthusiasts have shared numerous sightings of the Model Y over the past months, the company has worked intensively to perfect its first crossover vehicle. It appears that Tesla’s diligent work toward perfecting the production quality of the Model Y has paid off as its production ramp has started ahead of schedule and the company will begin delivering the vehicle by the end of March 2020.

The Model Y is available in two variants, thus far. The Long Range Dual Motor and Performance configuration will both have 315 miles of range and cost $52,990, and $60,990 respectively

Other Tesla Q4 and Full Year 2019 Highlights

• LIVE BLOG: Tesla earnings call with Elon Musk
• Tesla nearly doubles Mobile Service fleet to improve customer service
• Tesla Model Y will have 315-mile EPA rated range
• Tesla launches Model Y Performance Überturbine 21″ wheels

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Tesla CEO Elon Musk said the company is preparing to host a Battery Day for shareholders sometime after the first quarter, possibly in April. The announcement came during the earnings call following Tesla’s release of its Q4 2019 Update Letter.

Responding to a question from a participating investor about where Tesla stands in growing its battery capacity, Musk said that the company has already demonstrated massive improvement in growing the capacity of the cells, modules, and batteries it uses for its all-electric vehicles.

The CEO attributed part of the improvements to Tesla’s relationships with various battery partners, such as Panasonic, which is Tesla’s in-house supplier of lithium-ion batteries at Giga Nevada. Tesla also teamed up with other partners such as LG and CATL to produce battery packs for its cars produced in China. Aside from that, Musk declined to provide additional details on future plans for improving its battery technology, leaving investors to look forward to the upcoming Battery Day event later this year.

“We have a lot more to talk about this in detail in Battery Day probably April. We have a very compelling strategy. I mean, we are super deep in cell. Super deep. Cell through battery,” he said.

Tesla’s efforts to upgrade its batteries include the acquisition of California-based energy storage firm Maxwell Technologies, which was completed in May last year. Tesla’s interest in Maxwell primarily lies in the latter’s innovations in ultracapacitors and dry electrode technologies, which could potentially improve the company’s batteries.

Prior to the acquisition, Tesla also submitted a patent for an idea to use electrolyte additives to improve the performance and lengthen the lifespan of lithium-ion cells. The patent, titled “Dioxazolones and Nitrile Sulfites as Electrolyte Additives for Lithium-ion Batteries,” provided details on how Tesla can significantly increase the lifespan and performance of its batteries by adding electrolyte additives such as lithium salt. Tesla also submitted another patent for using cold plates and heat pipes to reduce heat generated by the battery, thereby increasing the longevity of its energy storage systems.

The latest developments appear to be moving Tesla toward the completion of a 1-million mile battery. In April last year, Musk said that Tesla owners will soon be able to drive their cars for up to 1 million miles over the lifespan of their vehicles. This is equivalent to 20 years if the cells are used for energy storage systems. Tesla lead researcher Jeff Dahn and a team from the Dalhousie University physics and atmospheric science department have also developed pouch cells that can last 1 million miles or 20 years in a grid storage system.

Tesla’s huge lead in the electric vehicle market is due in part to its constant efforts to improve its battery technology. In fact, its batteries have improved so much over the years that the Model S is nearing a range of 400 miles. The published range for the luxury sedan is 373 miles, but Musk said during the earnings call that the actual range is somewhere in the 380s.

“S and X actually have more range than we are currently stating on the website. We just haven’t gotten around to updating the EPA […] number, but the actual range of the Model S and X are above what the website says they are,” he said. “Somewhere in the 380s, something like that.”

He also added that the 18650 lithium-ion cells that power the Model S and X have largely improved over the years, adding that further developments could raise the range of the Model S to 400 miles.

“I think we’re pretty happy with the energy content of the cell and the improvements in the efficiency of the vehicle,” he said. “We’re rapidly approaching a 400-mile range for the Model S, for example.”

Battery Day is expected to be similar to Autonomy Day, which was held in April last year. The event, which was attended by investors and also available via livestream, was a full three-hour technical discussion of Tesla’s work on autonomous driving technology and how the company plans to achieve its goal of delivering fully self-driving cars.

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NASA’s Curiosity rover has been exploring an area of Mars called Gale Crater, since landing on the red planet in 2012. It was tasked with assessing the habitability of Mars. What was Mars like in the past? Were the conditions right for life?

Let’s be clear, Curiosity was not equipped with the instruments needed to identify life forms, but it can tell us if conditions were right for life to have survived.

Throughout its time on the red planet, Curiosity has discovered a bit of an enigma: Mars has methane and the abundance changes with the seasons. Big surges of methane can indicate that some sort of biological process is taking place, but that’s not always the case. And it’s not a definitive sign of life.

Methane is a gas produced by one of two methods on Earth: biological and geological. That means that some sort of life form could be producing or perhaps there’s some sort of geological explanation.

This is puzzling to scientists back on Earth because the Martian methane has been detected by ground-based telescopes. But recent orbital data from Mars shows the minuscule amounts of methane are gone.

In fact, the Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO)—a joint European and Russian mission—which launched in 2016 and was designed to sniff-out trace gases, such as methane, says the Martian air is basically methane-free.

But, NASA’s Curiosity rover may have just taken a big step forward in understanding this conundrum.

Curiosity’s detection of methane is nothing new. The six-wheeled rover has detected surges in methane throughout its mission. The most recent occurrence, recorded in June 2019, showed staggeringly high levels of methane—21 ppb (parts per billion). That’s the highest the rover has recorded to date.

Neither TGO nor its counterpart, the Mars Express orbiter, detected any methane at all in June.

TGO has detected minute amounts of methane—around 0.012 ppb—during its first few months of science operations. That’s equivalent to roughly 30 times less than what Curiosity sees. (Mars Express did detect the first methane surge that Curiosity spotted in June 2013.)

Why is there such a discrepancy between ground measurements and orbital data? The Curiosity science team has a few ideas.

First off, there could be some sort of atmospheric process taking place that is scrubbing it out of the atmosphere. Curiosity takes measurements on the ground and detects the methane, while TGO orbits the planet and does not. This means that something happens to it as it travels upwards through the atmosphere.

Another explanation could be atmospheric expansion and contraction. Mars has an atmosphere, albeit an incredibly thin one compared to Earth’s. Every day the heat from the sun causes the atmosphere to expand and contract.

As the atmosphere expands during the day, the methane could become more diffuse. Since Curiosity measure methane at night, when the rover is less busy, it could explain why the methane appears more abundant. That means that the rover is sniffing the atmosphere when its more dense, which means the methane concentration would be greater.

The team plans to take some daytime methane measurements and compare those with orbital data. This will give the team some insights into why the data is so different. Once they have that puzzle solved, they can move onto larger questions, like what generates the methane?

It’s also entirely possible that the gas may have been generated billions of years ago in deep, underground pockets, and it’s just now seeping up through the bedrock. Only time and more measurements can tell.

NASA is sending its next-generation Mars rover to the red planet this July. Dubbed the Mars 2020 rover, the vehicle is a souped-up version of Curiosity. This rover will not only be able to look for biosignatures (or signs of life), it will also bag up samples for a future return to Earth.

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SpaceX has successfully repaired a leak in a Starship prototype, filled the giant tank with an ultra-cold liquid, and pressurized it until it (spectacularly) popped — and Elon Musk has the preliminary results.

Designed to determine the quality and capabilities of SpaceX’s current manufacturing and integration procedures, the company technically performed its first explosive Starship test back in November 2019, when it decided that the first full-scale prototype – Starship Mk1 – was not fit to fly. Instead of entering the final stages of assembly with a vehicle that SpaceX simply couldn’t be sure would survive the rigors of even a low-stress flight test, the massive vehicle’s tank section was installed at the company’s South Texas launch facilities and pressurized with liquid nitrogen until it burst.

Built almost entirely unprotected on the South Texas coast, Starship Mk1 simply wasn’t up to the standards needed for SpaceX to trust that the giant rocket would survive the stresses of flight. Much like Falcon 9, Starship and its Super Heavy booster will be structurally stable while their tanks are empty, but a great deal of additional (and absolutely critical) structural strength will be added by pressurizing those tanks with a combination of liquid and gaseous propellant. Achieving the required pressures, however, can be a major challenge and the purpose of test tanks like the one above is to prove that the company is up to the challenge. According to Elon Musk, after tonight’s test, SpaceX almost certainly is.

In all truthfulness, the real start of explosive Starship pressure testing actually happened all the way back in 2017 when SpaceX intentionally pressurized a vast 12m-diameter (40 ft) carbon composite tank until it popped. Back then, Starship was known as Big Falcon Rocket (BFR) and was designed to use carbon fiber composites for nearly all of its structure — propellant tanks included.

According to CEO Elon Musk, said carbon composite tank met SpaceX’s expectations (i.e. the necessary pressures for flight) and was pushed to 2.3 bar (33 psi) before it burst in a rather spectacular fashion, launching almost 100 m (300 ft) into the air. Around 2.5 years after that test, it’s believed that Starship Mk1 reached something like 3-5 bar before it popped, and Musk recently revealed that the new steel Starship and Super Heavy designs will require tanks pressures of at least 6 bar (90 psi) to survive the stresses of orbital flight.

Thankfully, although Starship Mk1 didn’t achieve those necessary pressures, the prototype was effectively a worst-case scenario for manufacturing and assembly, revealing the rather unsurprising reality that SpaceX needed to improve its uniquely sparse methods of production and assembly. Although the stainless steel SpaceX settled on for Starship is much more tolerant than aluminum or most other metals when it comes to welding, steel welds still suffer if exposed to more than a minor breeze, as wind will cause the welded metal to cool less than uniformly.

With the latest series of steel Starship tank prototypes, SpaceX has significantly improved its production infrastructure, finally offering at least a semblance of protection against the elements. Based on the first test tank’s explosive performance on January 10th, those improvements have paid dividends. According to Musk, test tank #1 made it all the way to 7.1 bar (105 psi) before it burst and test tank #2 reportedly did even better.

Meanwhile, SpaceX’s South Texas team has already finished and partially tested a second Starship test tank, ultimately reaching 7.5 bar with water before a small leak sprung on January 27th. Over the last 24 hours, technicians have worked to repair the apparently minor damage and began filling the Starship tank with ultra-cold liquid nitrogen (boiling point: -196°C / -320°F) around 5:30 pm CST (23:30 UTC) on January 28th. After filling with liquid nitrogen, SpaceX kept the steel tank topped off for several hours. The likely purpose behind that otherwise odd move: something called cryogenic hardening. By exposing certain types of steel to liquid nitrogen temperatures, the material can be dramatically strengthened in some regards.

Around four hours after Tuesday evening’s testing began, the Starship tank prototype appeared to develop a significant leak in its upper dome, hemorrhaging liquid nitrogen that immediately produced large clouds after coming into contact with the South Texas air. As it turns out, whatever was observed was almost certainly not a leak: 30 or so minutes later, the tank was pressurized to failure, releasing a spectacular tidal wave of liquid nitrogen that doused the surrounding area, temporarily killing nearby floodlights and creating a near-zero-visibility storm of fog.

We’ll have to wait for dawn tomorrow to see the extent of the damage, but it appears that Test Tank #2’s demise was dramatically more violent than its predecessor — a largely expected side effect of performing the pressure test with a cryogenic liquid. In fact, just minutes after it appeared to fail, Elon Musk revealed that the second test tank had burst around 8.5 bar (~125 psi), soundly trouncing all records set by earlier tests and suggesting SpaceX is unequivocally ready to begin building the first orbital Starships. Critically, Musk had previously indicated that if Starship’s tanks could survive up to 8.5 bar, SpaceX would have the minimum safety margins it needs to deem Starship safe enough for astronauts.

In other words, if Test Tank #2 really did reach 8.5 bar, SpaceX has effectively solved the biggest structural engineering challenge its Starship program faces, kicking the doors wide open for the more or less immediate mass-production of the first giant orbital-class spacecraft. As it turns out, what Musk has deemed as the first “orbital” Starship prototype – ‘SN01’ – is already under construction, and it’s safe to say that any lessons learned from January 28th’s cryogenic pressure test will be fed back into SN01 and all future prototypes.

Check out Teslarati’s newsletters for prompt updates, on-the-ground perspectives, and unique glimpses of SpaceX’s rocket launch and recovery processes.

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