LNG: TESLARATI

It appears that Tesla is quietly nearing the completion of Gigafactory Berlin’s ground leveling activities. Despite the region being affected by the ongoing Coronavirus pandemic, work in Gigafactory 4 seems to be continuing, and the progress of the site has been substantial. 

Images taken from Tesla enthusiasts documenting the Giga Berlin site indicate that the Phase 1 zone of the upcoming electric car production facility is populated by numerous heavy equipment. Work appears to have been consistent over the weeks, and save for a few trees and sections where animals are currently residing, the entire area has practically been leveled. 

Tesla community member @Gf4Tesla, in a recent update, remarked that ground leveling activities for Giga Berlin Phase 1 seem to be on track to get finished by the end of the week. Other areas, such as the location where the upcoming electric car factory’s workers will be arriving and departing in, is also being renovated. 

Apart from the quiet progress of the Gigafactory Berlin site, Tesla’s facility has also received a boost from Brandenburg’s State Environmental Agency. According to recent reports, the government agency now wishes to grant advance permission for foundational construction at the GF4 site prior to final approval. 

A report from publication BZ Information further added that the environmental agency is looking to push Gigafactory Berlin despite the existence of 373 objections to the project. This is reportedly due to a positive forecast for the electric car factory’s final approval by the region’s Higher Administrative Court. While admirable, such a move does come with risks, as Tesla would have to dismantle everything it has built so far if its final permits are not granted by the courts. 

Gigafactory Berlin’s progress bodes well for the electric car maker. The auto market has pretty much been stuck in limbo due to the effects of the Coronavirus, which has spread across the globe. While several regions of Europe are locked down and social distancing is encouraged, Tesla’s work in Gigafactory Berlin has still continued. This may be due to the activities in the GF4 site not requiring groups of people to work together. Instead, most of the ongoing work relies on individuals operating heavy machinery, away from their colleagues. 

If Tesla were to follow Gigafactory Shanghai’s development, the next stage of the construction would involve a groundbreaking ceremony that was expected to be attended by executives such as CEO Elon Musk. Considering the ongoing C-19 pandemic, it may not be farfetched to speculate that a GF4 groundbreaking ceremony may be postponed or canceled altogether. Or if one does happen on schedule, it may be a ceremony with only a few executives in attendance. 

Check out recent drone flyovers of the Gigafactory Berlin site in the video below. 

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To attain full self-driving and deploy a fleet of the Robotaxis as intended by CEO Elon Musk, Tesla would need to master how its vehicles respond to stop lights and stop signs. Fortunately, it appears that Tesla is making a lot of headway towards attaining this capability, if the recently-released manual for the function is any indication.

Tesla enthusiast and resident hacker @greentheonly recently shared the notes for the electric car maker’s Stopping at Traffic Lights and Stop Signs feature, which seems to have started rolling out to early access program members. Based on the feature’s manual, the upcoming driver-assist feature will be using the vehicles’ forward-facing cameras and GPS data to accurately respond to traffic lights and stop signs.

Interestingly enough, the notes also indicated that Stopping at Traffic Lights and Stop Signs are enabled when Autosteer and Traffic-Aware Cruise Control are active. This suggests that the capability may be rolled out not only to owners who have purchased the company’s Full Self-Driving suite, but even those whose vehicles are only equipped with basic Autopilot. This, if any, would likely make Tesla’s fleet even safer, as the feature would increase safety for inner-city driving.

manual

Following is a section of the Model 3 and Model 3 manual that discusses how Stopping at Traffic Lights and Stop Signs functions. Based on Tesla’s explanation in its manual, it appears that the feature, at least in its current iteration, is optimized for caution and safety, with drivers being required for prompts when their vehicles encounter green traffic lights.

“When Stopping at Traffic Lights and Stop Signs is enabled and you are using Autosteer or Traffic-Aware Cruise Control, the touchscreen displays a pop-up message to inform you that an upcoming traffic light, stop sign, or road marking has been detected. As it approaches the stop location, even at an intersection in which the traffic light is green, Model 3/Model Y slows down and displays a red line to indicate where the vehicle will come to a complete stop.

“To continue through the intersection (again, even if the traffic light is already green), you must press down on the gear level or briefly press the accelerator pedal to give the vehicle permission to proceed. When you’ve confirmed that you want to proceed, the red stop line turns grey and Model 3/Model Y continues through the intersection and resumes your set cruising speed.”

Overall, Stopping at Traffic Lights and Stop Signs seems to function in a very cautious manner for now. Such an approach could help make the feature safer, though, as the prompts from the driver could further train Tesla’s Neural Network about driving behavior in areas that have stop lights. Granted, the upcoming feature seems pretty basic for actual real-world at its current iteration, but it holds a lot of potential. It could, for one, pave the way for more inner-city automatic driving features that will be released in the near future.

Further discussions on Stopping at Traffic lights and Stop Signs from Tesla owner-enthusiast Dirty Tesla could be found in the video below.

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A Tesla Model Y Performance drag raced a Model 3 Performance and Model X Performance Raven in a test to determine how the newest all-electric crossover from Tesla stacked up against its siblings.

Brian Jenkins from YouTube channel i1Tesla took his Model X Raven, a Model 3 Performance, and his brand new Model Y Performance to the NCCAR drag strip in Northampton County, North Carolina, for a quarter-mile test between the three vehicles. Jenkins planned to measure the Model Y against both the Model 3 and Model X during separate runs, predicting that the Model X Performance with 100 kWh battery pack would stand as king of the hill.

The first race paired the Model Y Performance up against the Model 3 Performance. While the Model 3 won the race easily, the Model Y held its own. The all-electric crossover recorded a quarter-mile time of 12.04 seconds, just over four-tenths of a second behind the Model 3 Performance’s time of 11.63 seconds, with the Model Y reaching 113.05 MPH, while the Model 3 maxed out at 114.05 MPH.

The next run between the Model X and Model Y showed the new crossover’s speed against the most powerful vehicle of the three tested. The Model X Raven pushed an 11.28-second lap at 119.27 MPH, making it easily the fastest and most powerful car on the strip during this testing session.

While the Model Y was the slowest of the three, Jenkins was still impressed with its performance and has a theory on why the vehicle is not as fast as it could be. “I think that is software,” he said. “I think they’re doing that to protect it because it is so early on. There will be a software update to make it launch like the Model 3.”

A comparison of the three vehicles shows how they differ and what each car offers in performance.

• Tesla Model Y Performance
  • 75 kWh Battery Pack
  • 450 Horsepower
  • Advertised 0-60 MPH in 3.5 Seconds
  • 155 MPH top speed
  • 280-mile EPA estimated range

• Tesla Model 3 Performance
  • 75 kWh Battery Pack
  • 450 Horsepower
  • Advertised 0-60 MPH in 3.2 Seconds
  • 162 MPH top speed
  • 322-mile EPA estimated range

• Tesla Model X Performance “Raven”
  • 100 kWh Battery Pack
  • 762 Horsepower
  • Advertised 0-60 MPH in 2.9 seconds
  • 163 MPH top speed
  • 305-mile EPA estimated range

Tesla started deliveries of the Model Y in mid-March, and the company has made arrangements through a new “contactless delivery” system to ensure those who have ordered can still get their hands on the latest Tesla vehicle.

Watch Brian from i1Tesla’s video on the quarter-mile race of the Model X “Raven,” Model Y Performance, and Model 3 Performance below.

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SpaceX has finished its third full-scale Starship prototype and rolled the rocket’s tank and engine section to a nearby launch pad just a matter of weeks after work began, now ready to prepare for a potentially imminent Starhopper-style hop test.

SpaceX’s rapidly-growing Boca Chica, Texas Starship factory is now producing so much rocket hardware that it’s hard to track any single vehicle’s birth. However, it still appears that SpaceX’s Texas team managed to complete the Starship SN3 prototype in less than a month, measured from first steel ring stacking to the ship’s integrated business end being transported to the launch pad. Simultaneously, the company fabricated, assembled, and tested an entirely separate Starship test tank, verifying that a design flaw that likely lead to Starship SN1’s February 28th destruction had been rectified.

Featuring the same design improvements that allowed that Starship test tank to become the first to pass proof testing intact, Starship SN3 is the best candidate yet to kick off true wet dress rehearsal (WDR) and Raptor engine static fire testing. Both will require real liquid methane and oxygen propellant to be loaded, potentially turning Starship SN3 into the equivalent of many tons of TNT if things were to go south. To be clear, there is a significant chance that such an early, rapidly-built prototype will not survive its upcoming test campaign. Nevertheless, Starship SN3 has the numerous lessons learned from both the successes and failures of all previous vehicles built into it, giving it the best chance yet. Still, the massive rocket will need to pass one or several less risky tests before it can begin to attempt more groundbreaking feats.

Set to follow in the footsteps of all previous Starship test articles, SpaceX will soon kick off Starship SN3’s test campaign with a liquid nitrogen proof test – still extremely cold (i.e. cryogenic) but chemically neutral (i.e. can’t explode). Delivery trucks were spotted topping off SpaceX’s liquid nitrogen supplies just yesterday. The company also has a four-hour road closure scheduled to start at 5pm CDT (22:00 UTC) today, shortly after this article went live.

If it isn’t delayed, that March 29th road closure is likely meant to allow SpaceX to pressurize Starship SN3 with liquid nitrogen, pushing it beyond flight pressures (6 bar/90 psi) in what’s known as a proof test. If successful, it would verify that the rocket’s tank section is sound while also bringing it to cryogenic temperatures, potentially strengthening the steel with cryogenic hardening.

Beyond those initial plans, the FAA license SpaceX used to support Starhopper’s July and August 2019 hop tests may actually enable test flights of full-scale Starship prototypes, too. Incredibly, according to Cameron County, Texas beach closure requests made on March 23rd, SpaceX’s goal is to prepare Starship SN3 for a Raptor engine static fire test as early as April 1st (no fool), followed by a potential 150m (500 ft) Starhopper-style flight test on April 6th.

For obvious reasons, delays to that ambitious schedule – particularly the flight test – are extremely likely, but Starship SN3 is now unequivocally at the launch pad. Stay tuned for updates on the rocket’s potentially imminent proof test and the impacts that might have on future tests.

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NASA has good news after SpaceX suffered an accident that destroyed a Crew Dragon mockup before it could complete a parachute test, indicating that the anomaly could have minimal impact on the spacecraft’s Demo-2 astronaut launch debut.

According to NASA, SpaceX and the space agency are still working to launch astronauts on Crew Dragon as early as “mid-to-late May”. While two recent challenges – the loss of the spacecraft’s most important parachute testing mockup and an unrelated in-flight rocket engine failure – could both singlehandedly delay Demo-2 in certain scenarios, NASA continues to state that a May timeframe is still in the cards. This is an excellent sign that both issues – as previously speculated on Teslarati – are probably much less of a problem than they otherwise could be.

As of now, all Demo-2 hardware – including Falcon 9 booster B1058, a new Falcon upper stage, Crew Dragon capsule C206, and an expendable Dragon trunk – are all believed to be in Florida and technically ready for flight. Waiting for launch at and around Kennedy Space Center (KSC) Launch Complex 39A, the long straw for SpaceX’s inaugural astronaut launch is most likely the completion of formal paperwork and reviews, most of which must be done primarily by NASA employees. SpaceX’s latest technical challenges certainly toss some uncertainty into the mix and serve as a reminder that nothing can or should be taken for granted in human spaceflight but on the whole, there is reason for optimism.

“To date, SpaceX has completed 24 tests of its upgraded Mark 3 parachute design they are working to certify for use on the Crew Dragon spacecraft that will fly NASA astronauts to the International Space Station. The system was used during the SpaceX in-flight abort test in January.

Although losing a test device is never a desired outcome, NASA and SpaceX always will prioritize the safety of our teams over hardware. We are looking at the parachute testing plan now and all the data we already have to determine the next steps ahead of flying the upcoming Demo-2 flight test in the mid-to-late May timeframe.”

NASA.gov — March 26th, 2020

While the challenges SpaceX and NASA still have to surmount are thus significant, it’s safe to say that Crew Dragon’s track record more than earns it some optimism as the spacecraft nears the T-1 month mark for what will arguably SpaceX’s most significant launch ever.

Following a successful Pad Abort test in May 2015, the company spent several years working head down. In mid-2018, SpaceX’s first finished Crew Dragon spacecraft successfully passed through electromagnetic interference (EMI) and thermal vacuum (TVac) testing, arriving at the launch site for preflight processing by July. Unfortunately, for unknown reasons, it took more than half a year more for NASA to finally permit Crew Dragon to launch.

A month and a half after completing an integrated static fire test at Pad 39A, Falcon 9 and Crew Dragon lifted off for the first time ever on March 2nd, 2019. A flawless launch was followed by an equally flawless International Space Station (ISS) rendezvous and docking, completed autonomously and without issue on SpaceX’s first try. Crew Dragon capsule C201 spent five days at the station before autonomously departing, reentering Earth’s atmosphere, and gently splashing down in the Atlantic Ocean under four healthy parachutes.

Altogether, Crew Dragon’s orbital launch debut was such a flawless success that SpaceX’s own director of Crew Dragon mission management stated that he could barely believe how perfectly it went – likely expecting at least something to go slightly awry. That near-perfection certainly didn’t come easily for SpaceX. Boeing – NASA’s second Commercial Crew Program (CCP) partner – has had a far rougher go of things despite the fact that the company does technically have extensive experience building aircraft and rockets.

In November 2019, Boeing completed Starliner’s first fully integrated ‘flight’ test in the form of a pad abort. While the spacecraft was able to perform a soft landing, mishandling and bad quality control caused one of its three main parachutes to fail to deploy in an unintentional stress test. A little over a month later, a separate Starliner spacecraft performed its inaugural orbital launch on a ULA Atlas V rocket. From the moment Starliner separated from Atlas V, things began to go wrong. It would ultimately become clear that extremely shoddy software and an almost nonexistent integrated testing regime caused the spacecraft to waste most of its propellant and resulted in an extremely delayed orbital insertion.

While NASA and Boeing both managed to forget a second partial failure until media reporting shed light on it months later, it also turned out that another entirely separate instance of incomplete software may have nearly destroyed Starliner a matter of hours before it was scheduled to reenter Earth’s atmosphere. The spacecraft was ultimately prevented from even attempting a space station rendezvous, one of the major purposes of the test flight.

In simpler terms, Crew Dragon – even with the challenges it has and will soon face – is just shy of primed and ready for flight. As always, it’s better to be safe (and late) than sorry in human spaceflight, particularly the first such mission for SpaceX, but it’s looking increasingly likely that Crew Dragon will be on the launch pad and preparing to lift off with NASA astronauts just two or so months from now.

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SpaceX’s Dragon spacecraft has delivered cargo to the International Space Station, but soon it will carry goods to an orbit higher than the International Space Station: the lunar Gateway.

Agency officials announced Friday (March 27) that NASA selected SpaceX as the first commercial company to be contracted to deliver cargo to the upcoming Gateway. The California-based aerospace company will deliver cargo to lunar orbit, including research experiments, astronaut supplies, sample collection hardware, and more.

NASA has plans of returning to the moon, and an essential piece of architecture in that quest is a small space station, dubbed Gateway, that will orbit the moon. Construction on the lunar outpost is scheduled to begin in 2022, as part of the space agency’s larger effort to establish a long-term presence on the moon.

The moon will be a testbed to help the agency and its partners develop and test the technology needed for human missions to Mars. And the Gateway is a big part of that. The small space station will serve as a command post for both crewed and uncrewed excursions to the lunar surface. It will also serve as a facility for research experiments.

SpaceX will launch a variant of Dragon, optimized to carry more than 5 metric tons of cargo to Gateway in lunar orbit https://t.co/NdJaFU1xSD

— SpaceX (@SpaceX) March 27, 2020

Currently, SpaceX uses its Falcon 9 rocket to ferry cargo Dragon spacecraft to the space station. Each craft is capable of transporting around six metric tons (or 13,200 lbs.) to low-Earth orbit. After delivering its cargo, Dragon typically remains attached to the ISS for about a month before returning to Earth.

For the upcoming lunar missions, SpaceX proposed using its Falcon Heavy rocket to ferry a modified version of its Dragon spacecraft to the future outpost. The spacecraft, called Dragon XL, would deliver more than five metric tons of cargo, and the craft would stay docked for up to 12 months.

“Returning to the moon and supporting future space exploration requires affordable delivery of significant amounts of cargo,” said Gwynne Shotwell, SpaceX president, and COO. “Through our partnership with NASA, SpaceX has been delivering scientific research and critical supplies to the International Space Station since 2012, and we are honored to continue the work beyond Earth’s orbit and carry Artemis cargo to the Gateway.”

NASA first announced it was looking for companies to deliver cargo to the upcoming lunar station last summer; SpaceX is the first to be awarded a contract.

“This contract award is another crucial piece of our plan to return to the moon sustainably,” said NASA Administrator Jim Bridenstine. “The Gateway is the cornerstone of the long-term Artemis architecture, and this deep space commercial cargo capability integrates yet another American industry partner into our plans for human exploration at the moon in preparation for a future mission to Mars.”

Although SpaceX is the first, NASA is expected to announce at least one more company that will deliver cargo to the Gateway. To that end, the agency set aside a total of $7 billion (to be spent over a period of 12 to 15 years) for the delivery services. Each company selected will be guaranteed at least two missions.

NASA’s goal is to return to the moon by 2024 and to do so sustainably. To that end, the agency is relying on the commercial industry to help out. So far, the space agency has already awarded contracts for the Gateway’s power and propulsion element as well as a small habitat module.

But that’s not all; the space agency is also taking proposals for landing services. Last November, SpaceX announced its interest and that it planned to use its Starship to deliver robotic landers to the lunar surface. Starship was originally designed to ferry people to Mars, but like the rest of the lunar program, the first step for it could be delivering payloads to the moon.

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Astronomers have begun to gather and analyze detailed observations of a SpaceX Starlink satellite prototype officially labeled DARKSAT and the initial results hint that the satellite constellation should be able to happily coexist with ground-based astronomy in the future.

Since SpaceX began launching batches of 60 Starlink satellites in May 2019, the company has raised the ire of parts of the astronomy community and simultaneously awed and inspired many less technical observers with clusters of shooting star-like satellites that are easily visible after launches. While the mid-sized spacecraft do become much dimmer as they raise their orbits from ~300 km (185 mi) to 550 km (340 mi), they are far from invisible even at that operational altitude. It’s safe to say that the current impact on ground-based astronomy is still just shy of negligible even with 360 satellites in orbit, but that impact is assuredly greater than zero and the relatively bright spacecraft have already interrupted telescope observations at many sites around the world.

Given that the 360 satellites already in orbit are just a tiny fraction of the ~4400, ~12,000, or even ~40,000 that SpaceX could one day launch, it would be irresponsible to argue that the constellation’s impact – and the impact of others like it – will continue to be minor as the number of satellites grows. Thankfully, while it doesn’t appear that prospective low Earth orbit (LEO) constellation architects anticipated the potential astronomy impact, SpaceX’s Starlink team has rapidly responded and already launched a satellite featuring tweaks designed to dim its appearance from the ground. For several reasons, the initial results from “DARKSAT” are extremely promising – now visible below in some of the first photos offering a useful comparison.

Launched on January 7th, 2020, a set of 20 spacecraft including DARKSAT – representing a single “plane” of the broader Starlink constellation – all arrived at their operational ~550 km (340 mi) orbits by February 23rd. As previously discussed on Teslarati, initial results first published on March 18th revealed that the Starlink DARKSAT prototype – essentially an early alpha test for darkening techniques – was already 55% darker than unmodified spacecraft. While making satellites less reflective makes thermal management a much greater challenge, DARKSAT has managed to raise its orbit and begin operations without issue, although it’s unknown whether the satellite’s antennas and avionics are also functioning nominally.

For darker spacecraft, perhaps the most important test will be long-term reliability, as constantly absorbing more heat than a reflective satellite is likely to put their structure, avionics, and radiators through significantly more thermal stress. As such, SpaceX may launch a limited number of additional darkened prototypes over the coming months but is much less likely to darken all satellites on any given launch until DARKSATs have successfully operated in orbit for months or even years.

On the ground, SpaceX may try to perform sped-up stress testing, but proving that darker satellites are a viable solution will almost invariably take time. Earlier this month, CEO Elon Musk revealed that SpaceX may attempt to design deployable solar shades for Starlink satellites if darkening their bodies is not enough to fully mitigate major impacts to astronomy. Knowing SpaceX, the first in-orbit solar shade test(s) could happen during any of several upcoming Starlink launches.

Adding reliable, deployable solar shades without appreciably raising Starlink’s production costs could be a major challenge, given the fundamental complexity of large, deployable mechanisms in space, but SpaceX – if anyone – is likely up to the challenge. More importantly, the fact that SpaceX’s very first attempt at reducing Starlink albedo (reflectivity) has produced a satellite 55% darker than its peers suggests that much more can probably be done along those lines, given additional time for extra experiments and deeper optimization.

As a result, it may be the case that SpaceX ends up launching 750-1000+ reflective Starlink satellites before an affordable, mass-producible DARKSAT variant is ready to take over. In that event, Starlink could plausibly have a small to moderate negative impact on ground-based astronomy for several years. However, comments made by SpaceX executives over the years suggest that no single Starlink satellite is likely to operate for more than five or so years before being replaced, meaning that the entire constellation would be continuously refreshed (as long as it’s generating revenue). Even if a thousand bright(er) Starlink satellites make life a bit harder for some astronomers, the fact remains that the consequences of any single Starlink satellite variant – assuming SpaceX remains serious about fully mitigating the constellation’s impact – are inherently temporary.

If SpaceX continues to make progress darkening satellites and developing cheap solar shades, it seems all but guaranteed that even a constellation of tens of thousands of Starlink satellites will be able happily coexist with the astronomy community, all the while delivering cheap, fast internet to millions of people – especially those lacking access – around the world.

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