LNG: TESLARATI

On the heels of the near-completion of Gigafactory 3’s factory shell, Tesla appears to be setting itself up as an electric car maker that is down-to-earth and respectful of China’s culture. As Tesla joins China in celebrating a national holiday, reports have emerged pointing to machinery in Gigafactory 3 already being set up inside the facility.

China recently celebrated its Dragon Boat Festival, a national holiday that is largely connected to the death of Qu Yuan, one of the country’s most notable poets who was accused of treason by the ruling class. Legend states that the poet committed suicide by drowning instead of allowing himself to be captured by the authorities, but his body was saved after locals raced out in boats (hence the Dragon Boats) to scatter rice in the water, preventing fish from desecrating his corpse.

References to this legend were present in greetings that Tesla sent out to everyone on the company’s mailing list in the days leading up to the national holiday. One poster, in particular, featured the unmistakable figure of a Dragon Boat, while another resembled the sticky rice dumplings that are eaten to celebrate the holiday.

Also notable was Tesla’s initiative to tap into the younger Chinese demographic. This Friday and Saturday, China is holding its national college entrance examination called the Gaokao, which is widely considered as one of the toughest tests in the world. Considering that the scores of students taking the Gaokao all but determine their chances at higher education (such as where they are allowed to study or what courses they could take), high schoolers are known to face a ton of stress when preparing for the nationwide test.

In the days leading up to the Gaokao, Tesla shared a number of fun Physics reviewers on Chinese social media, giving students a refresher on concepts that are relevant to the company. While these campaigns might seem minor to territories outside China, such a strategy all but ensures that Tesla becomes a familiar brand to the country’s teens, who will be the nation’s car buyers in a few years.

Tesla’s recent gestures all but suggest that the company is taking careful steps to ensure that it immerses itself in Chinese culture without making any missteps. China is a substantial market for automobiles, and other, more established companies have made mistakes of their own in the past. Mercedes-Benz, for one, simply entered China under the brand name “Bensi” (a direct translation of its Western name), only to realize later on that the name they chose literally meant “rush to die.”

Peugeot ended up committing a notable blunder as well, naming itself “Biāozhì” in China. The name generally translated to “beautiful,” which was not bad, but the carmaker ended up neglecting the fact that in some areas of the country, the word “biǎozi” was the word for “prostitute.” This resulted in Peugeot becoming the subject of immense ridicule online.

As the country celebrated its Dragon Boat Festival, work in Gigafactory 3 seemingly continued as well. As noted by China-based Tesla owner Dennis Chang, who visited the Gigafactory 3 site at night, machinery was already being set up in the facility’s interior. Workers at the factory have reportedly noted that initial operations are set to begin sometime in August at the earliest.

Gigafactory 3 has exceeded expectations in terms of the speed of its buildout. When Elon Musk participated in the facility’s groundbreaking ceremony in January, he noted that he expects Model 3 production to start at the end of the year. Considering the speed of the facility’s buildout so far, Musk’s timeframe might actually end up being conservative.

On June 4th, SpaceX Cargo Dragon capsule C113 departed from the International Space Station 250 miles (400 km) above Earth’s surface, tapped its thruster ‘brakes’, and reentered the atmosphere soon after.

After a month spent in orbit, the uncrewed Dragon returned more than 1900 kg (4200 lb) to Earth, currently the only operational spacecraft on Earth capable of doing so. Per usual, Cargo Dragon splashed down off the coast of California, was picked up by SpaceX vessel NRC Quest, and arrived at Port of Los Angeles a few hours later. Captured by Teslarati photographer Pauline Acalin in spectacular detail, C113’s second successful orbital mission serves as excellent foreshadowing for a follow-up launch – CRS-18 – that could come as soon as July 21st.

Orbital-class marshmallows

As per usual, Cargo Dragon received a healthy dose of charring during its orbital-velocity Earth reentry, barreling through the atmosphere at a blistering 7.7 km/s (4.8 mi/s, Mach 23). The capsule’s orientation during reentry is essentially seared into its hull by its own heat shield-generated plasma trail, creating the distinct dark-brown and black streaks visible in photos.

Although the visible wear and tear might look dramatic, the reality is SpaceX’s Dragon spacecraft are specifically designed to survive the ordeal of Earth reentry in excellent shape – the ablative heat shield takes nearly all (~99%) of the heating-related stress. Cargo Dragon (and Crew Dragon, for that matter) are just shy of encased in a cocoon of a different type of foam-like thermal protection material, visible as Dragon’s pearly white skin prior to reentry.

Teslarati photographer Pauline Acalin did an exceptional job of capturing the well-done SpaceX spacecraft’s return to shore in all its gritty, flight-proven glory, offering glimpses of Cargo Dragon’s Drago thrusters, parachute/drogue mortar, docking mechanism, and PICA-X heat shield.

CRS-18 crests the horizon

NASA and SpaceX have already scheduled Cargo Dragon’s next launch to the International Space Station on July 21st, a brisk 85 days after CRS-17’s successful launch. To make that date, preparations are already well underway and Cargo Dragon will likely ship from California within the next two weeks if it’s not already in Florida. Having successfully supported Cargo Dragon’s CRS-17 mission one month ago, Falcon 9 B1056.2 is scheduled to become the first flight-proven Block 5 booster to launch a dedicated NASA mission and the space agency is even open to using B1056 for a third time on CRS-19.

Beyond NASA’s Block 5 booster reuse milestone, there is also a good chance that CRS-18 will mark SpaceX’s first launch of an already twice-flown and refurbished Cargo Dragon capsule. Since CRS-10 (February 2017), just one of SpaceX’s seven subsequent Cargo Dragon launches has flown with a new capsule, and all of the company’s remaining CRS missions are expected to use refurbished spacecraft. Although one mystery Cargo Dragon capsule (C107) remains publicly unaccounted for, chances are quite good that CRS-18 will mark the first time a commercial space capsule has reached orbit three times.

Assuming SpaceX’s third refurbishment follows the fairly consistent two-year time scale of past Dragon reflights, Cargo Dragon C106 – the first Dragon SpaceX reused – will likely be CRS-18’s capsule.

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Rivian CEO RJ Scaringe recently shared some new insights about the R1T pickup truck and the R1S SUV in an interview with auto publication The Drive. During his interview, Scaringe discussed Rivian’s battery technology, the company’s plans for the vehicles charging systems, and the media’s usual comparisons between himself and Tesla CEO Elon Musk.

Rivian’s trucks are luxury adventure vehicles, and they are designed to carry several people in off-road conditions. As such, it is pertinent for Rivians to have the best battery technology available. When asked by the publication about the R1T and the R1S’s capability to charge its batteries, the CEO noted that the all-electric trucks would be capable of putting 200 miles of range in 30 minutes. With their 180 kWh battery packs, Scaringe pointed out that a 400-mile range is very feasible.

In the event that Rivian owners find themselves in remote areas without easy access to a charging station, Scaringe noted that the company is preparing solutions that will enable drivers to recharge their vehicles off the grid, such as auxiliary battery packs. The CEO also added that the company would allow vehicle-to-vehicle charging, allowing two Rivians to charge each other. “We’ve designed the vehicle so you can have auxiliary battery packs. You can also charge Rivian-to-Rivian, which is a neat thing. You connect the two vehicles, and then I could hand you some electrons,” Scaringe said.

These solutions will most definitely make Rivian’s vehicles an attractive purchase for the luxury adventure demographic, particularly among overlanders, who are known for taking long trips off the grid. Using Rivian’s vehicle-to-vehicle charging system, groups of overlanders can simply utilize a Rivian truck loaded with auxiliary battery packs as a designated charger for other vehicles that will be used primarily for camping, or even cooking, for that matter.

Being an electric car maker and having a striking physical resemblance to Clark Kent, Rivian CEO RJ Scaringe has been compared to Tesla’s Elon Musk, whose bold, ambitious, and rockstar CEO persona has brought comparisons to billionaire-superhero Tony Stark. Back in February alone, Forbes even wrote an article about Scaringe, dubbing him and Rivian as “Tesla’s worst nightmare.” In his recent interview, the Rivian CEO noted that this is far from the truth.

“In so far as we both build electric cars, we’re similar. Other than that, we’re building very different types of products for different companies. I say that with the deepest admiration and respect for what they’ve done. Tesla has really helped make electric cars exciting. They’ve helped shift the world towards electrification. We as Rivian, and we as the planet, owe them a thank you. But I think there’s a need for more flavors.

“The world needs more than one new electric and new innovator within the space, and we’ve been thoughtful also to not try to compete directly in the space they’re in. If we’re going after that type of a use case, I think it doesn’t make any sense. There are companies that are doing that. There’s a number of Chinese backed companies that are doing products that are very similar to the brand experience and sort of product experience that you get with Tesla,” he said.

Since unveiling the R1T pickup truck and the R1S SUV last year, Rivian has received overwhelming support from the electric car community, thanks in part to the design and capabilities of its two vehicles. The company has also been receiving support from large investors such as Ford and Amazon, both of which have helped Rivian raise over $1 billion in investments.

SpaceX recovery vessel Mr. Steven has spent the last several weeks undergoing major refits – including a new net and arms – and testing the upgraded hardware in anticipation of the vessel’s first fairing catch attempt in more than four months.

Required after a mysterious anomaly saw Mr. Steven return to Port in February sans two arms and a net, the appearance of a new net and arms guarantees that SpaceX is still pursuing its current method of fairing recovery. Above all else, successfully closing the loop and catching fairings could help SpaceX dramatically ramp its launch cadence and lower costs, especially critical for the affordable launch of the company’s own Starlink satellite constellation.

The Saga of Steven

For a few months of 2019, it was entirely conceivable that SpaceX had all but given up on catching Falcon fairings, having spent the better part of 2018 without a single success during both post-launch and experimentally controlled catch attempts. Admittedly, a year may feel like a huge amount of time, but SpaceX has demonstrated just how hard the reliably successful recovery of orbital-class rocket hardware really is.

Depending on how one examines the history of Falcon 9, it took SpaceX anywhere from ~30 and ~70 months and either 7 or 9 failed recovery attempts before the first Falcon 9 booster successfully landed in December 2015. Excluding helicopter-based fairing drop tests, Mr. Steven and SpaceX’s fairing recovery team have made five attempts to catch fairings in the vessel’s net after Falcon 9 launches. All have been unsuccessful, with the closest miss reportedly landing in the Pacific Ocean just 50 meters away from Mr. Steven’s massive net.

In January 2019, Mr. Steven sailed ~8000 km (5000 mi) from Port of Los Angeles to Port Canaveral, passing through the Panama Canal. For unknown reasons, during a trip out to sea to catch a Falcon 9 fairing in February, Mr. Steven abruptly turned around early and arrived in port missing two of four arms, four of eight booms, and the entirety of its custom net. The remaining arms/booms were removed and the vessel spent roughly three months docked with just a handful of excursions.

In late May, technicians rapidly installed new arms and booms, as well as a new (and blue) net, bringing about the end of months of inactivity. Mr. Steven has yet to venture beyond the safety of Port Canaveral since its new ‘catcher’s mitt’ was installed, but SpaceX has been testing the new setup by repeatedly lowering a Falcon fairing half into the net. It’s too early to raise expectations but it seems plausible that the iconic recovery vessel will be ready to attempt its first fairing catch in ~4 months as part of Falcon Heavy’s next scheduled launch, currently NET June 22.

A challenger approaches…

Although Mr. Steven’s prospects look better than they have in months, SpaceX’s fairing recovery engineers and technicians have not been sitting on their hands. Begun as a check against the growing possibility that reliably catching fairings in a (relatively) small net is just too difficult to be worth it, SpaceX has been analyzing methods of reusing fairings without Mr. Steven. Most notably, despite the failure to catch fairings out of the air, the fairing halves themselves – relying on GPS-guided parafoils – have proven to be capable of reliably performing gentle landings on the ocean surface.

This consistently leaves the fairings intact and floating on the ocean but at the cost of partial saltwater immersion and exposure to surface-level sea spray and waves. At least in today’s era of highly complex large satellites, customers typically demand that payload fairings (like Falcon 9’s) offer a clean room-quality environment once the satellite is encapsulated inside. Sea water is full of salt, organic molecules, and water, all three of which do not get along well with extremely sensitive electronics. The whole purpose of recovering and reusing fairings is to make their reuse more efficient and less expensive than simply building a new fairing. The task of cleaning composite structures to clean room-standards after salt water exposure and immersion tends to be less than friendly to both aspirations.

According to SpaceX CEO Elon Musk, however, that challenge may be distinctly solvable and could even be easier than the Mr. Steven approach. After Falcon Heavy’s commercial Arabsat 6A launch debut in April 2019, Musk again confirmed that SpaceX would be ready to test that alternate method of fairing reuse very soon and plans to do so on an “internal” (i.e. Starlink) launch later this year. As noted below, this is helped by the fact that SpaceX’s internally-developed Starlink satellites apparently have no need for the acoustic insulation panels that normally protect sensitive spacecraft from the brutal acoustic environment produced by rockets while still in Earth’s atmosphere.

For fairing reusability, the lack of those panels is just one less thing to have to worry about cleaning or replacing. Intriguingly, it’s easy to imagine that – much like SpaceX has apparently designed Starlink satellites to be resistant to intense acoustic environments – the company could have also required that they be tough enough to tolerate a less-than-pristine fairing environment. With that approach, SpaceX could continue to build new fairings for every customer launch, entirely amortizing their production cost before transferring the ‘dirty’, flight-proven fairings to internal Starlink launches.

In essence, SpaceX’s customers would quite literally be paying the company to build the very Falcon 9 boosters and fairings it will ultimately use to launch its massive Starlink constellation, requiring hundreds of launches over the next decade. The faster and more efficiently SpaceX can build and launch Starlink, the faster it can develop Starship/Super Heavy and entirely transcend any concerns of salty fairings (let alone expendable upper stages). But in the meantime, Mr. Steven will return to his catching duties and SpaceX will continue to attempt to reuse payload fairings.

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